Chapter 49 Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Lymphathic Disorders Flashcards
cardiovascular disorders
circulatory ( cardiovascular) system delivers
blood to the body’s cell.
problems that occur in the heart or blood vessels include
hypertension
coronary artery disease (CAD)
myocardial infraction (heart attack)
heart failure
dysrhythmias
hypertension
the resting blood pressure is too high
systolic pressure
140 mm Hg or higher
Diastolic pressure
90 mm ahh or higher
pre-hypertension will likely develop into hypertension in the future
systolic pressure
120 to 139 mm Hg
diastolic pressure
80 to 89 mm Hg
causes include
narrowed blood vessels, kidney disorders, head injuries, some pregnancy problems, and adrenal gland tumors
hypertension can lead to
storke
hardening of the arteries
heart attack
heart failure
kidney failure
blindness
lifestyle changes can lower the blood pressure
a diet low in fat and salt
a healthy weight
regular exercise
not smoking
limiting alcohol and caffeine
managing stress and sleeping well
certain drugs can lower blood pressure
coronary artery disease
( CAD )- coronary heart disease; heart disease
the arteries become hardened and narrow
one or all the arteries are affected
the heart muscle get loss blood and oxygen
common cause
is atherosclerosis
the major complications of CAD are
Angina
myocardial infraction(heart attack)
irregular heartbeats
sudden death
CAD can be treated
treatment goals
Relieve symptoms.
Slow or stop atherosclerosis.
Lower the risk of blood clots.
Widen or bypass clogged arteries.
Reduce cardiac events.
CAD requires lifestyle changes.
The person must
Quit smoking.
Exercise.
Reduce stress.
Eat a healthy diet.
If overweight, lose weight.
Some persons need drugs to
Decrease the heart’s workload and relieve symptoms.
Prevent a heart attack or sudden death.
Delay the need for medical and surgical procedures that open or bypass diseased arteries.
CAD may require cardiac rehabilitation
The cardiac rehab team includes
Doctors (the person’s doctor, heart specialist, heart surgeon)
Nurses
Exercise specialists, physical and occupational therapists, dietitians, and mental health professionals
cardiac rehab has two parts
exercise training
education, counseling, and training
angina pectoris ( pain )
is chest pain from reduced blood flow to part of the heart muscle (myocardium)
occurs
when the heart needs more oxygen
it is describes as tightness, pressure, squeezing, or burning in the chest
symptoms can be relieved
rest often relieves in 3-15 minutes
a nitroglycerin tablet is taken when angina occurs
some persons have nitroglycerin patches
chest pain lasting longer than a few minutes and not relieved by rest and nitrogen may signal a heart attack. the person needs emergency care
myocardial infarction (MI)
part of the heart muscle dies
sudden cardiac death (cardiac arrest) can occur
MI is also called
heart attack
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
coronary
coronary thrombosis
coronary occlusion
In MI,
blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked
CAD, angina, and previous MI are risk factors
MI is an emergency
efforts are made to
relieve pain
restore blood flow to the heart
stabilize vital signs
give oxygen
clam the person
prevent death and life-threatening problems
the person may need
medical or surgical procedures to open or bypass the diseased artery
cardiac rehabilitation
heart failure or congestive heart failure ( CHF ) occurs
when the weakened heart cannot pump normally
CHF
when the left side of the heart cannot pump blood normally, blood backs up into the lungs
respiratory congestion occurs
the person has dyspnea—difficultly breathing
increases sputum, and gurgling sounds in the lungs
CHF—
when the right side of the heart cannot pump blood normally, blood backs up into the venous systems
causes
feet and ankles swell
neck veins bulge
liver congestion affect liver function
the abdomen is congested with fluid
a very severe form of heart failure
is pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)
common causes of heart failure are
CAD
MI
Hypertension
Diabetes
Age
Irregular and Damaged heart rhythms
kidney disease
treatment
drugs are ordered to strengthen the heart
drugs are ordered to reduce the amount of fluid in the body
a sodium-controlled diet is ordered to
oxygen is given
semi-fowlers position is preferred for breathing
the person must reduce CAD risk factors
if acutely ill, the person needs hospital care
Dysrhythmia is an
abnormal heart rhythm
the rhythm may be too fast, too slow, or irregular
are caused by
changes in the heart’s electrical system
CAD, MI, or heart failure
weakening and changes in the heart muscle
drugs and alcohol abuse
excess caffeine intake
thyroid problems
some drugs
some dysrhythmias are minor, others are life threatening
treatment depends on three type of dysrhythmias
drugs may be given
a procedure may be needed
defibrillation or cardio version
an electrical shock is given to stop and abnormal rhythm
ablation
areas of tissue in the heart sending abnormal electrical signals are destroyed
internal devices may be placed
peacemaker
device that is inserted under the skin near the heart; it monitors and regulates the hearts rhythm
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
used for life threatening dysrhythmias; it delivers a shock when the heart is in a life threatening rhythm; some devices are both a peacemaker and an ICD
respiratory disorders
the respiratory system
brings oxygen(O2) into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide(CO2) from the body
respiratory disorders that interfere with this function and threaten life include
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic bronchitis
asthma
sleep apnea
influenza
pneumonia
tuberculosis
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves two disorders that interfere with the exchange and carbon dioxide in the lungs
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
risk factors
cigarettes smoking; pipe, cigar, and other tabasco’s
exposure to second- hand smoke
not smoking is the best way to prevent COPD
COPD has no cure
COPD affects the airways and alveoli
airways and alveoli become less elastic
the walls between many alveoli are destroyed
airway walls become thick, inflamed, and swollen
airways are clogged by excess mucus serection
Chronic bronchitis occurs
after repeated episodes of bronchitis.
Bronchitis means
inflammation of the bronchi.
causes
smoking
risk factors
infection, air pollution, and industrial dusts
smokers cough in the morning
is often the first symptom
treatment involves
the person must stop smoking
oxygen therapy and breathing exercises
emphysema
the alveoli enlarge and become less elastic
as a result
some air is trapped in the alveoli when exhaling
over time,
more alveoli are involved; O2 and CO2 exchange cannot occur in affected alveoli, trapping more air in the lungs
asthma
the airway becomes inflamed and narrow and extra mucus is produced
signs and symptoms
dyspnea
wheezing and coughing
pain and tightness in the chest
asthma is triggered
by allergies
asthma is treated
with drugs
sleep apnea
pauses in breathing occur during sleep
causes of sleep apnea
pauses last form a few seconds to over a minute
they can occur many times during sleep
the most common cause is
blockage of air way
obstructive sleep apnea
during sleep, muscles in the throat reflex and soft tissues collapse, closing the airway
central sleep apnea ( less common )
occurs when the brain does not send signals to the muscles to breathe
signs and symptoms of sleep apnea
pauses in breathing during sleep
loud snoring
waking during sleep with a gasp or shortness of breath
difficultly staying asleep
headache sleepiness
dry mouth or sore throat after sleeping
treatment includes for sleep apnea
mild sleep apnea
lifestyle changes, weight lose, quitting smoking, and avoiding alcohol and sedatives before sleep
more severe sleep apnea
surgery
positive airway pressure device: CPAP or BiPAP
influenza is a
respiratory infection caused by a viruses
common complication
pneumonia
treatment for influenza involves
fluids and rests
drugs
coughing and sneezing spread the four viruses
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68)
can cause mild to severe respiratory illness
the virus is found in
saliva, mucus, and sputum
signs and symptoms of EV- D68
fever
runny nose
sneezing
cough
body and muscle aches
dyspnea
wheezing
there is no vaccine to prevent EV…
pneumonia is an
inflammation and infection of lung tissue
affected tissue fill with fluid
causes
bacteria
viruses
other microbes
microbes reach the lungs by being
inhaled
aspirated
carrier in the blood to the lungs from an infection in the body
factors to increase pneumonia
smoking
aging
stroke
bed rest
immobility
chronic diseases
tube feeding
treatment may include
drugs for infection and pain
increased fluid intake to treat fever and to thin secretions
intravenous therapy and oxygen
semi-fowlers position to ease breathing
tuberculosis ( TB )
is a bacterial infection in the lungs
TB is spread by
airborne droplets with coughing, sneezing, speaking, singing, or laughing
risk factors for TB include
living in close, crowded areas
age
poor nutrition
HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus )
TB can be present in the body…
not not cause signs and symptoms
only persons with an active infection can spread the disease to others
chest x-ray and TB testing can detect disease
signs and symptoms include:
tiredness, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, and night sweats
treatment involves TB
drugs for TB
precautions
covering mouth and nose with tissues when sneezing
flushing tissue down the toilet
hand washing with soap
Lympathic disorders
The lymphatic system
drains extra fluid from the tissues, helps fight infection, and absorbs and transports fats.
lymphatic disorders that affect these functions include
lymphedema
lymphoma
lymphedema
is a build up of lymph in the tissues causing edema (swelling). it occurs when there is a blockage or damage to the lymph system
lymphedema causes include
cancer
infection
surgical removal of lymph nodes
scar tissue from radiation therapy or surgery
absent or abnormal lymph nodes present at birth
lymphedema usually affects an
arm or a leg
daily actives are often affected by
damage to lymph system cannot be reversed
treatment for lymphedema includes
elastic garments or basantes
exercise
good skin care
message therapy
the goals are to
lymphedema
control sweeping
decrease pain
improve movement and use of the body part
allowing daily activity
lymphoma is
cancer involving cells in the immune system
(lymphocytes)
lymphoma are a type of WBC that protect the body from infection
they are found in lymph nodes and other lymph tissues
in lymphoma
these cells do not function normally
there are two main lymphomas
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
lymphoma brings with an abnormal lymphocyte
the abnormal cell divides and makes more abnormal cells
a mass of abnormal cells develops into a tumor
