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CNA Spring 2024 > Chapter 48 Nervous System and Musculo-Skeletal Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 48 Nervous System and Musculo-Skeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system disorders

A
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2
Q

Nervous system disorders

A

Can affect mental and physical function

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3
Q

Nervous system disorder can affect the ability to

A

Speak
Understand
Feel
See
Hear
Touch
Think
Control bowel and bladder

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4
Q

Stoke (brain attack or cerebrovascular accident [CVA])

A

Is a disease that affects the arteries that supply blood of the brain

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5
Q

Stroke occurs when one of the following happens

A

A blood vessel in the brain bursts.
Bleeding occurs in the brain(cerebral hemorrhage)

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6
Q

Stroke is third leading cause of death in the United States

A

It is leading cause of disability in adults

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7
Q

Warning signs may last a few minutes

A

This is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA)

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8
Q

The person may have warning signs

A

Sudden numbness or weakness of the face,arms,legs, especially on one side of the body
Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding speech
Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination
Sudden severe headache with no known cause

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9
Q

Stroke mnemonic

A

Face: is the face symmetrical? Can they raise and lower both eyebrows? Smile with both sides of mouth?
Arms: can they raise both arms?
Speech: can they speak clearly? Logically?
Time: what time were the symptoms noted?
FAST

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10
Q

If the person survives, some brain damage is likely

A

Functions lost depends on the area of the brain
Rehabilitation starts at once
Health team helps the person regain the highest possible level of function

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Is a slow, progressive disorder with no cure

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12
Q

Parkinson’s disease—

A

Movement is affect
Persons over the age of 50 are at risk

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms become worse over time. They include

A

Tremors
Rigid, stiff muscles in the arms, legs, neck, and trunk
Slow movements
Stopped posture and impaired balance
Mask-like expressions

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14
Q

Treatment include:

A

Drugs to treat and control the disease
Exercise and physical therapy to improve strength, posture, balance, and mobility
Therapy for speech and swallowing problems

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15
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Is a chronic disease

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16
Q

Multiple sclerosis—

A

The myelin, which covers nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is destroyed
—nerve impulses are not sent to and from the brain in a normal way
There is no cure

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms

A

Blurred vision/double vision, blindness in one eye
Muscle weakness in the arms and legs
Balance and coordination paralysis
Tingling, pricking, or numb sensations
Partial or complete paralysis
Pain
Speech problems

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18
Q

“

A

Tremors
Dizziness
Concentration, attention, memory, and judgment problems
Depression
Bowel and bladder problems
Problems with sexual functions
Hearing loss
Fatigue

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19
Q

MS can present in many ways. For example:

A

The person’s symptoms last for a few weeks or a few months. The symptoms gradually disappear with partial or complete recovery. The person is in remission, at some point, symptoms flare-up again (relapse).
The person’s condition gradually declines with more and more symptoms. There is no remissions. Symptoms become worse.
More symptoms occur with each flare-up. The person’s condition declines.

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20
Q

Persons with MS are you kept active as long as possible and as independent as possible

A
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21
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]

A

Is a disease that attacks the nerve cells that control voluntary muscles

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22
Q

ALS also name

A

Is called Lou Gehrig’s disease, it is rapidly progressive and fatal

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23
Q

ALS

A

ALS is commonly more in men
It usually strikes between 40 and 60 years of age

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24
Q

Motor nerve cells and in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord affected

A

these cells still sending messages to the muscles
Over time, the brain cannot start voluntary movements or control them
The disease usually does not affect the mind, intelligence, or memory
Sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch, are not affected by

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25
ALS has no cure
But some drugs can slow the disease and improve symptoms
26
Persons with ALS are kept active and independent to the extent possible
The care plan reflects the person’s charging needs
27
Head injuries
result from trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain
28
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Occurs when a sudden trauma damages the brain
29
TBI
Brain tissue is bruised or torn Bleeding can be in brain or in nearby tissues Spinal cord injures are likely
30
Causes include:
Motor vehicle crashes Falls Assaults Firearms Sports and recreation injures
31
Death can occur
at the time of injury or later
32
If the person survives,
Some permanent damage is likely
33
Disabilities depend on the severity and site of the injury
34
They include:
Cognitive problems Sensory problems Communication problems Behavior or mental health disorders
35
Stupor
An unresponsive state; the person can be briefly aroused
36
Coma
The person is unconscious, does not respond, is unaware, and cannot be aroused
37
Vegetative state
The person is unconscious and unaware of surroundings. He or she has sleep wake cycles and periods of being alert
38
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
The person is in a vegetative state for more than 1 month
39
Rehabilitation is required
40
Spinal cord injures
Can permanently damage the nervous system
41
Young adult men have the highest risk of
42
Common causes are
Stab or gunshot wounds Motor vehicle crashes Falls Sports injuries
43
Problems depend on the
Amount of damage to the spinal cord Level of injury
44
The higher the level of injury, the more functions lost
45
Lumbar injuries
Sensory and muscle function in the legs is lost (paraplegia)
46
Thoracic injuries
Sensory and muscle function below the chest is lost (paraplegia)
47
Cervical injuries
Sensory and muscle function of arms the arms, legs, and truck are lost (quadriplegia or tetraplegia)
48
If the person lives, rehabilitation is needed
The person learns to function at the highest possible level The person learns to use self-help, assistive, and other devices Some persons live independently at home or with home care Some persons need long-term care or assisted-living settings
49
Autonomic hyperreflexia
Occurs with spinal cord injuries above the mid-thoracic level
50
Autonomic hyperreflexia
Occurs with spinal cord injuries above the mid-thoracic level
51
There is uncontrolled stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
There is uncontrolled stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
52
If untreated, stroke, heart attack, and death are risks
53
Treatment involves
Raising the head of the bed 45 degrees or having the person sit upright if allowed Determining and removing the cause
54
The most common causes are
A full bladder Constipation or fecal impaction Skin disorders
55
musculo-skeletal disorder
affects movement
56
common causes
injury and aging
57
arthritis means
joint inflammation
58
occurres
pain, swelling, and stiffness the joints are hard to move
59
osteoarthritis
(degenerative joint disease) is the most common type of arthritis
60
causes include
aging being overweight joint injury stress muscle weakness heredity
61
signs and symptoms
joint stiffness occurs with rest and lack of motion pain occurs with weight-bearing and motion swelling is common after using the joint
62
there is no cure
63
treatment involves
drugs to decrease swelling and inflammation and relieve pain heat and sometimes cold applications exercise rest and joint care weight control healthy lifestyle joint replacement surgery
64
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic inflammatory disease
65
causes
joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function
66
RA
is more common in woman than men develops between ages of 20 to 50 joints are tender, warm and swollen healthy lifestyle joint replacement surgery
67
treatment goals are to
relieve pain reduce inflammation slow down or stop joint damage improve well-being and ability to function
68
the persons care plan may include
rest balanced with exercise proper positioning joint care weight control measures to reduce stress measure to prevent falls drugs are given for pain relief and inflammation heat and cold applications may be ordered some persons need joint replacement surgery emotional support is needed
69
total joint replacement surgery
70
arthroplasty
is the surgical replacement of a joint
71
the damaged joint is removed and replaced with an artificial joint
called prosthesis
72
the surgery is done to
relieve pain restore joint function correct deformed joint
73
osteoporosis
bone becomes porous and brittle bones are fragile and break easily
74
older people are at risk
the risk for woman increased after menopause all ethnic groups are at risk
75
other risks factors include
a family history of disease being thin or having a small frame eating disorders tabasco use alcoholism lack of exercise bed rest immobility
76
signs and symptoms include
back pain gradual loss of height stopped posture fractures
77
preventive measures include
calcium and vitamin supplements estrogen for some women exercising weight-bearing joints strength training not smoking limiting alcohol and caffeine back supports or corsets for good posture etc
78
fractures
79
a fracture
is a broken bone
80
fractures are
open or closed
81
closed fractures(simple fracture)
the bone is broken but the skin is intact
82
open fracture(compound fracture)
the broken bone has come through the skin
83
causes include
falls and accidents bone tumors metastatic cancer osteoporosis
84
signs and symptoms of a fracture are
pain, swelling, loss of function limited or no movement of part movement where motion should not occur deformity bruising and skin color changes at the fracture site bleeding (internal or external)
85
for healing
bone ends are brought into and held in normal position
86
healing is called
reduction or fixation
87
closed reduction and external fixation
the bone is moved back into place; the bone is not exposed
88
open reduction and internal fixation
requires surgery, the bone is exposed and moved into alignment
89
after the reduction
the bone ends must not move
90
reduction after
the person has a cast or traction splints, walking boots, and external fixators are also used
91
casts are made of
plaster of paris, plastic, or fiberglass
92
traction
steady pull form two directions keeps the bone in place
93
traction—
used for muscle spasms and to correct deformities or contractures
94
skin traction is applied the skin skeletal traction is inserted through the bone cervical traction rings are applied to the skull
95
hip fractures
common is older person slower healing process
96
these post-operative problems present life threatening risks
respiratory complications urinary tract infections thrombi (blood clots) in the leg veins
97
other risks include
pressure injuries, constipation, and confusion
98
the hip feature requires
internal fixation
99
adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, and severe hip flexion are avoided after surgery
100
loss of a limb
101
amputation is the
removal of all or part of an extremity most amputations involve a loser extremity
102
common causes
severe injuries tumors severe infection gangrene vascular disorders
103
gangrene
is the death of tissue
104
causes include
infection, injuries, and vascular disorders
105
surgery is needed to remove dead tissue
if untreated, gangrene spreads throughout the body
106
gangrene can cause death
107
a prosthesis
is an artificial replacement for a missing body part
108
phantom pain
pain in the amputated part of the body

CNA Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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