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CNA Spring 2024 > Chapter 48 Nervous System and Musculo-Skeletal Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 48 Nervous System and Musculo-Skeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system disorders

A
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2
Q

Nervous system disorders

A

Can affect mental and physical function

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3
Q

Nervous system disorder can affect the ability to

A

Speak
Understand
Feel
See
Hear
Touch
Think
Control bowel and bladder

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4
Q

Stoke (brain attack or cerebrovascular accident [CVA])

A

Is a disease that affects the arteries that supply blood of the brain

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5
Q

Stroke occurs when one of the following happens

A

A blood vessel in the brain bursts.
Bleeding occurs in the brain(cerebral hemorrhage)

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6
Q

Stroke is third leading cause of death in the United States

A

It is leading cause of disability in adults

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7
Q

Warning signs may last a few minutes

A

This is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA)

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8
Q

The person may have warning signs

A

Sudden numbness or weakness of the face,arms,legs, especially on one side of the body
Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding speech
Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination
Sudden severe headache with no known cause

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9
Q

Stroke mnemonic

A

Face: is the face symmetrical? Can they raise and lower both eyebrows? Smile with both sides of mouth?
Arms: can they raise both arms?
Speech: can they speak clearly? Logically?
Time: what time were the symptoms noted?
FAST

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10
Q

If the person survives, some brain damage is likely

A

Functions lost depends on the area of the brain
Rehabilitation starts at once
Health team helps the person regain the highest possible level of function

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Is a slow, progressive disorder with no cure

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12
Q

Parkinson’s disease—

A

Movement is affect
Persons over the age of 50 are at risk

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms become worse over time. They include

A

Tremors
Rigid, stiff muscles in the arms, legs, neck, and trunk
Slow movements
Stopped posture and impaired balance
Mask-like expressions

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14
Q

Treatment include:

A

Drugs to treat and control the disease
Exercise and physical therapy to improve strength, posture, balance, and mobility
Therapy for speech and swallowing problems

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15
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Is a chronic disease

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16
Q

Multiple sclerosis—

A

The myelin, which covers nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is destroyed
—nerve impulses are not sent to and from the brain in a normal way
There is no cure

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms

A

Blurred vision/double vision, blindness in one eye
Muscle weakness in the arms and legs
Balance and coordination paralysis
Tingling, pricking, or numb sensations
Partial or complete paralysis
Pain
Speech problems

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18
Q

“

A

Tremors
Dizziness
Concentration, attention, memory, and judgment problems
Depression
Bowel and bladder problems
Problems with sexual functions
Hearing loss
Fatigue

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19
Q

MS can present in many ways. For example:

A

The person’s symptoms last for a few weeks or a few months. The symptoms gradually disappear with partial or complete recovery. The person is in remission, at some point, symptoms flare-up again (relapse).
The person’s condition gradually declines with more and more symptoms. There is no remissions. Symptoms become worse.
More symptoms occur with each flare-up. The person’s condition declines.

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20
Q

Persons with MS are you kept active as long as possible and as independent as possible

A
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21
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]

A

Is a disease that attacks the nerve cells that control voluntary muscles

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22
Q

ALS also name

A

Is called Lou Gehrig’s disease, it is rapidly progressive and fatal

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23
Q

ALS

A

ALS is commonly more in men
It usually strikes between 40 and 60 years of age

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24
Q

Motor nerve cells and in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord affected

A

these cells still sending messages to the muscles
Over time, the brain cannot start voluntary movements or control them
The disease usually does not affect the mind, intelligence, or memory
Sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch, are not affected by

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25
Q

ALS has no cure

A

But some drugs can slow the disease and improve symptoms

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26
Q

Persons with ALS are kept active and independent to the extent possible

A

The care plan reflects the person’s charging needs

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27
Q

Head injuries

A

result from trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain

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28
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

Occurs when a sudden trauma damages the brain

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29
Q

TBI

A

Brain tissue is bruised or torn
Bleeding can be in brain or in nearby tissues
Spinal cord injures are likely

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30
Q

Causes include:

A

Motor vehicle crashes
Falls
Assaults
Firearms
Sports and recreation injures

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31
Q

Death can occur

A

at the time of injury or later

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32
Q

If the person survives,

A

Some permanent damage is likely

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33
Q

Disabilities depend on the severity and site of the injury

A
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34
Q

They include:

A

Cognitive problems
Sensory problems
Communication problems
Behavior or mental health disorders

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35
Q

Stupor

A

An unresponsive state; the person can be briefly aroused

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36
Q

Coma

A

The person is unconscious, does not respond, is unaware, and cannot be aroused

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37
Q

Vegetative state

A

The person is unconscious and unaware of surroundings. He or she has sleep wake cycles and periods of being alert

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38
Q

Persistent vegetative state (PVS)

A

The person is in a vegetative state for more than 1 month

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39
Q

Rehabilitation is required

A
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40
Q

Spinal cord injures

A

Can permanently damage the nervous system

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41
Q

Young adult men have the highest risk of

A
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42
Q

Common causes are

A

Stab or gunshot wounds
Motor vehicle crashes
Falls
Sports injuries

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43
Q

Problems depend on the

A

Amount of damage to the spinal cord
Level of injury

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44
Q

The higher the level of injury, the more functions lost

A
45
Q

Lumbar injuries

A

Sensory and muscle function in the legs is lost (paraplegia)

46
Q

Thoracic injuries

A

Sensory and muscle function below the chest is lost (paraplegia)

47
Q

Cervical injuries

A

Sensory and muscle function of arms the arms, legs, and truck are lost (quadriplegia or tetraplegia)

48
Q

If the person lives, rehabilitation is needed

A

The person learns to function at the highest possible level
The person learns to use self-help, assistive, and other devices
Some persons live independently at home or with home care
Some persons need long-term care or assisted-living settings

49
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia

A

Occurs with spinal cord injuries above the mid-thoracic level

50
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia

A

Occurs with spinal cord injuries above the mid-thoracic level

51
Q

There is uncontrolled stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

There is uncontrolled stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

52
Q

If untreated, stroke, heart attack, and death are risks

A
53
Q

Treatment involves

A

Raising the head of the bed 45 degrees or having the person sit upright if allowed
Determining and removing the cause

54
Q

The most common causes are

A

A full bladder
Constipation or fecal impaction
Skin disorders

55
Q

musculo-skeletal disorder

A

affects movement

56
Q

common causes

A

injury and aging

57
Q

arthritis means

A

joint inflammation

58
Q

occurres

A

pain, swelling, and stiffness
the joints are hard to move

59
Q

osteoarthritis

A

(degenerative joint disease) is the most common type of arthritis

60
Q

causes include

A

aging
being overweight
joint injury
stress
muscle weakness
heredity

61
Q

signs and symptoms

A

joint stiffness occurs with rest and lack of motion
pain occurs with weight-bearing and motion
swelling is common after using the joint

62
Q

there is no cure

A
63
Q

treatment involves

A

drugs to decrease swelling and inflammation and relieve pain
heat and sometimes cold applications
exercise
rest and joint care
weight control
healthy lifestyle
joint replacement surgery

64
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

chronic inflammatory disease

65
Q

causes

A

joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function

66
Q

RA

A

is more common in woman than men
develops between ages of 20 to 50
joints are tender, warm and swollen
healthy lifestyle
joint replacement surgery

67
Q

treatment goals are to

A

relieve pain
reduce inflammation
slow down or stop joint damage
improve well-being and ability to function

68
Q

the persons care plan may include

A

rest balanced with exercise
proper positioning
joint care
weight control
measures to reduce stress
measure to prevent falls
drugs are given for pain relief and inflammation
heat and cold applications may be ordered
some persons need joint replacement surgery
emotional support is needed

69
Q

total joint replacement surgery

A
70
Q

arthroplasty

A

is the surgical replacement of a joint

71
Q

the damaged joint is removed and replaced with an artificial joint

A

called prosthesis

72
Q

the surgery is done to

A

relieve pain
restore joint function
correct deformed joint

73
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone becomes porous and brittle
bones are fragile and break easily

74
Q

older people are at risk

A

the risk for woman increased after menopause
all ethnic groups are at risk

75
Q

other risks factors include

A

a family history of disease
being thin or having a small frame
eating disorders
tabasco use
alcoholism
lack of exercise
bed rest
immobility

76
Q

signs and symptoms include

A

back pain
gradual loss of height
stopped posture
fractures

77
Q

preventive measures include

A

calcium and vitamin supplements
estrogen for some women
exercising weight-bearing joints
strength training
not smoking
limiting alcohol and caffeine
back supports or corsets for good posture
etc

78
Q

fractures

A
79
Q

a fracture

A

is a broken bone

80
Q

fractures are

A

open or closed

81
Q

closed fractures(simple fracture)

A

the bone is broken but the skin is intact

82
Q

open fracture(compound fracture)

A

the broken bone has come through the skin

83
Q

causes include

A

falls and accidents
bone tumors
metastatic cancer
osteoporosis

84
Q

signs and symptoms of a fracture are

A

pain, swelling, loss of function
limited or no movement of part
movement where motion should not occur
deformity
bruising and skin color changes at the fracture site
bleeding (internal or external)

85
Q

for healing

A

bone ends are brought into and held in normal position

86
Q

healing is called

A

reduction or fixation

87
Q

closed reduction and external fixation

A

the bone is moved back into place; the bone is not exposed

88
Q

open reduction and internal fixation

A

requires surgery, the bone is exposed and moved into alignment

89
Q

after the reduction

A

the bone ends must not move

90
Q

reduction after

A

the person has a cast or traction
splints, walking boots, and external fixators are also used

91
Q

casts are made of

A

plaster of paris, plastic, or fiberglass

92
Q

traction

A

steady pull form two directions keeps the bone in place

93
Q

traction—

A

used for muscle spasms and to correct deformities or contractures

94
Q

skin traction is applied the skin
skeletal traction is inserted through the bone
cervical traction rings are applied to the skull

A
95
Q

hip fractures

A

common is older person
slower healing process

96
Q

these post-operative problems present life threatening risks

A

respiratory complications
urinary tract infections
thrombi (blood clots) in the leg veins

97
Q

other risks include

A

pressure injuries, constipation, and confusion

98
Q

the hip feature requires

A

internal fixation

99
Q

adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, and severe hip flexion are avoided after surgery

A
100
Q

loss of a limb

A
101
Q

amputation is the

A

removal of all or part of an extremity
most amputations involve a loser extremity

102
Q

common causes

A

severe injuries
tumors
severe infection
gangrene
vascular disorders

103
Q

gangrene

A

is the death of tissue

104
Q

causes include

A

infection, injuries, and vascular disorders

105
Q

surgery is needed to remove dead tissue

A

if untreated, gangrene spreads throughout the body

106
Q

gangrene can cause death

A
107
Q

a prosthesis

A

is an artificial replacement for a missing body part

108
Q

phantom pain

A

pain in the amputated part of the body

CNA Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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