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CNA Spring 2024 > Chapter 47 Cancer, Immune System, and Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Cancer, Immune System, and Skin Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Cells reproduce for tissue growth and repair
Cell division and growth are sometimes out of control

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2
Q

A mass or clump of cells develops

A

This is a new growth of abnormal cells is called a tumor

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3
Q

Tumors are benign or malignant

A
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4
Q

Benign tumors

A

Do not spread to other body parts
Can grow to a large size, but rarely threaten life
Usually do not grow back when removed

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5
Q

Malignant tumors (cancer)

A

Invade and destroy nearby tissue
Can spread to other body parts
May be life threatening
Sometimes grow back after removal

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6
Q

Metastasis

A

Is the spread of cancer to other body parts

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7
Q

Cancer cells break off the tumor and can travel to body parts

A

Which can cause new tumors to grow in other body parts

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8
Q

Cancer can occur almost anywhere

A
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9
Q

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States

A
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10
Q

National cancer institute describes these risk factors

A

Growing older- most cancers occur in persons over 65 years old of age
Tobacco
Sunlight
Ionizing radiation
Certain chemicals and other substances
Some viruses and bacteria
Certain hormones
Family history of cancer
Alcohol
Poor diet, lack of physical activity, and being over weight

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11
Q

Treatment depends on:

A

The tumor type
Tumor site and size
If the tumor has spread

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12
Q

The treatment goals may be to:

A

Cure the cancer
Control the disease
Reduce symptoms for as long as possible

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13
Q

Some cancers respond to one type of treatment

A

While other require two or more types of

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14
Q

Surgery removes tumors

A

It is done to cure or control cancer
It relieves pain

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15
Q

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

A

Destroys certain tumors
Shrinks a tumor before surgery
Destroys cancer cells that remain after surgery
Controls tumor growth to prevent or relieve pain

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16
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Involves drugs that kill cells

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17
Q

It is used:

A

Shrink a tumor before surgery
Kill cells that break off the tumor
Relieve symptoms caused by the cancer

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18
Q

Side effects depend on the drug used

A

Hair loss - alopecia
Gastro-intestinal irritation
Decreased blood cell production

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19
Q

Hormone therapy

A

Prevents cancer cells from getting or using hormones needed for their growth

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20
Q

Drugs are given to prevent the production of certain hormones
Organ or glands that produce a certain hormone are removes

A
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21
Q

Biological therapy (immunotherapy)

A

Helps the immune system fight the cancer

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22
Q

It also protects the body from the side effects of the cancer treatment

A
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23
Q

Other therapies

A
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24
Q

Stem cell transplant

A
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25
A stem cell
Is a cell from which new cell types develop
26
The new cells have certain functions (blood cells, brain cells, bone cells)
27
Some persons need high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy
Such therapies kills cancer cells and blood cells in the bone marrow Fewer blood cells are produced A persons is given blood-forming stem cells New blood cells develop from the stem cell
28
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Used along with standard cancer treatments Used instead of standard cancer treatments
29
Person with cancer have many needs
Pain relief or control Rest and exercise Fluids and nutrition Preventing skin breakdown Preventing bowel problems Dealing with treatments side effects Psychological and social needs Spiritual needs Sexual needs
30
The immune system
Protects the body from microbes, cancer cells, and other harmful substances Defends against threats inside and outside the body
31
Immune system disorders
Occurs from problems with the immune response -the response may be inappropriate, too strong, or lacking
32
Autoimmune disorder can occur
The immune system attacks the body’s own normal cells, tissues, or organs
33
One of the following may occur
One or more types of body tissue are destroyed An organ grows abnormally There is a change in how an organ functions
34
Common autoimmune disorders
35
Graves’ disease
The most common form of hyperthyroidism- is the production of too much thyroxine hormone.
36
Lupus
An inflammatory disease that affects the blood cells, joints, skin, kidney, lungs, heart, or brain
37
Multiple sclerosis
The immune system eats away at the protective covering the nerves
38
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory disorder usually affecting small joints in the hands and feet
39
Type 1 diabetes
Lifelong condition where the pancreas makes little to no insulin, which leads to high blood sugar levels
40
Signs and symptoms depends on the type of disease
Fatigue, dizziness, not feeling well, and fever are common
41
Mot autoimmune disorder are chronic-long lasting
42
Treatment depends on the
Type of disorder Tissue and organ affected
43
Treatment is aimed at
Reducing symptoms Controlling the autoimmune response Maintaining the body’s ability to fight disease
44
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
45
HIV
HIV attacks the immune system HIV is spread through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk)
46
HIV is transmitted mainly by
Unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex with an infected person Needle and syringe sharing among IV drug users HIV-infected mothers
47
HIV cannot
Live outside the body Be spread by casual, everyday contact Be transmitted by food prepared by the infected person
48
Some HIV-infected person have symptoms within few months
Others are symptom-free for more than 10 years They could carry the virus and can spread it to others
49
The person with aids can develop other health problems and can damage the immune system
50
The person with AIDS is at risk for:
Pneumonia Tuberculosis Kaposi’s sarcoma ( a cancer ) Nervous system damage
51
Many new drugs
Help slow the spread of HIV in the body Reduce complications Prolong life
52
You may care for person with AIDS or those who are HIV carriers
Protect yourself and others
53
Shingles (herpes zoster)
Caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox
54
The virus lies dormant (inactive) in nerve tissue The virus can become active years later
55
Person at risk
Are over 50 years of age Have had chickenpox Have weakened immune system
56
The doctor orders anti-viral drugs and drugs for pain relief
A vaccine is now availed to prevent shingles
57
Lesion
An area of abnormal tissue or injury or wound
58
Types of skin lesions
59
Macules
are the simplest skin lesion. They are flat spots that can be seen but not felt. They are visible because they change the color of the skin. Freckles are an example.
60
Pustules
are raised spots filled with pus, such as acne or infected boils.
61
Vesicles
are small blisters that contain fluid. They can occur on the skin or inside the mouth. Chickenpox is an example.
62
Welts
are large raised, irregular areas, that are usually itchy. Hives from an allergic reaction are an example.
63
Hematoma
is a collection of blood in one area. The spot can be visible as a bruise, but may also occur on internal organs. Hematomas can become larger over time. They may also change color.
64
Purpura
are small, purplish spots caused by bleeding under the skin. In elderly people, these spots are called senile purpura. Senile purpura occurs because blood vessels become more fragile with age.

CNA Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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