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CNA Spring 2024 > Chapter 47 Cancer, Immune System, and Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Cancer, Immune System, and Skin Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Cells reproduce for tissue growth and repair
Cell division and growth are sometimes out of control

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2
Q

A mass or clump of cells develops

A

This is a new growth of abnormal cells is called a tumor

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3
Q

Tumors are benign or malignant

A
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4
Q

Benign tumors

A

Do not spread to other body parts
Can grow to a large size, but rarely threaten life
Usually do not grow back when removed

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5
Q

Malignant tumors (cancer)

A

Invade and destroy nearby tissue
Can spread to other body parts
May be life threatening
Sometimes grow back after removal

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6
Q

Metastasis

A

Is the spread of cancer to other body parts

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7
Q

Cancer cells break off the tumor and can travel to body parts

A

Which can cause new tumors to grow in other body parts

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8
Q

Cancer can occur almost anywhere

A
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9
Q

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States

A
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10
Q

National cancer institute describes these risk factors

A

Growing older- most cancers occur in persons over 65 years old of age
Tobacco
Sunlight
Ionizing radiation
Certain chemicals and other substances
Some viruses and bacteria
Certain hormones
Family history of cancer
Alcohol
Poor diet, lack of physical activity, and being over weight

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11
Q

Treatment depends on:

A

The tumor type
Tumor site and size
If the tumor has spread

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12
Q

The treatment goals may be to:

A

Cure the cancer
Control the disease
Reduce symptoms for as long as possible

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13
Q

Some cancers respond to one type of treatment

A

While other require two or more types of

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14
Q

Surgery removes tumors

A

It is done to cure or control cancer
It relieves pain

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15
Q

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

A

Destroys certain tumors
Shrinks a tumor before surgery
Destroys cancer cells that remain after surgery
Controls tumor growth to prevent or relieve pain

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16
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Involves drugs that kill cells

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17
Q

It is used:

A

Shrink a tumor before surgery
Kill cells that break off the tumor
Relieve symptoms caused by the cancer

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18
Q

Side effects depend on the drug used

A

Hair loss - alopecia
Gastro-intestinal irritation
Decreased blood cell production

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19
Q

Hormone therapy

A

Prevents cancer cells from getting or using hormones needed for their growth

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20
Q

Drugs are given to prevent the production of certain hormones
Organ or glands that produce a certain hormone are removes

A
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21
Q

Biological therapy (immunotherapy)

A

Helps the immune system fight the cancer

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22
Q

It also protects the body from the side effects of the cancer treatment

A
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23
Q

Other therapies

A
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24
Q

Stem cell transplant

A
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25
Q

A stem cell

A

Is a cell from which new cell types develop

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26
Q

The new cells have certain functions (blood cells, brain cells, bone cells)

A
27
Q

Some persons need high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy

A

Such therapies kills cancer cells and blood cells in the bone marrow
Fewer blood cells are produced
A persons is given blood-forming stem cells
New blood cells develop from the stem cell

28
Q

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

A

Used along with standard cancer treatments
Used instead of standard cancer treatments

29
Q

Person with cancer have many needs

A

Pain relief or control
Rest and exercise
Fluids and nutrition
Preventing skin breakdown
Preventing bowel problems
Dealing with treatments side effects
Psychological and social needs
Spiritual needs
Sexual needs

30
Q

The immune system

A

Protects the body from microbes, cancer cells, and other harmful substances
Defends against threats inside and outside the body

31
Q

Immune system disorders

A

Occurs from problems with the immune response
-the response may be inappropriate, too strong, or lacking

32
Q

Autoimmune disorder can occur

A

The immune system attacks the body’s own normal cells, tissues, or organs

33
Q

One of the following may occur

A

One or more types of body tissue are destroyed
An organ grows abnormally
There is a change in how an organ functions

34
Q

Common autoimmune disorders

A
35
Q

Graves’ disease

A

The most common form of hyperthyroidism- is the production of too much thyroxine hormone.

36
Q

Lupus

A

An inflammatory disease that affects the blood cells, joints, skin, kidney, lungs, heart, or brain

37
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

The immune system eats away at the protective covering the nerves

38
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder usually affecting small joints in the hands and feet

39
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Lifelong condition where the pancreas makes little to no insulin, which leads to high blood sugar levels

40
Q

Signs and symptoms depends on the type of disease

A

Fatigue, dizziness, not feeling well, and fever are common

41
Q

Mot autoimmune disorder are chronic-long lasting

A
42
Q

Treatment depends on the

A

Type of disorder
Tissue and organ affected

43
Q

Treatment is aimed at

A

Reducing symptoms
Controlling the autoimmune response
Maintaining the body’s ability to fight disease

44
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

45
Q

HIV

A

HIV attacks the immune system
HIV is spread through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk)

46
Q

HIV is transmitted mainly by

A

Unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex with an infected person
Needle and syringe sharing among IV drug users
HIV-infected mothers

47
Q

HIV cannot

A

Live outside the body
Be spread by casual, everyday contact
Be transmitted by food prepared by the infected person

48
Q

Some HIV-infected person have symptoms within few months

A

Others are symptom-free for more than 10 years
They could carry the virus and can spread it to others

49
Q

The person with aids can develop other health problems and can damage the immune system

A
50
Q

The person with AIDS is at risk for:

A

Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Kaposi’s sarcoma ( a cancer )
Nervous system damage

51
Q

Many new drugs

A

Help slow the spread of HIV in the body
Reduce complications
Prolong life

52
Q

You may care for person with AIDS or those who are HIV carriers

A

Protect yourself and others

53
Q

Shingles (herpes zoster)

A

Caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox

54
Q

The virus lies dormant (inactive) in nerve tissue
The virus can become active years later

A
55
Q

Person at risk

A

Are over 50 years of age
Have had chickenpox
Have weakened immune system

56
Q

The doctor orders anti-viral drugs and drugs for pain relief

A

A vaccine is now availed to prevent shingles

57
Q

Lesion

A

An area of abnormal tissue or injury or wound

58
Q

Types of skin lesions

A
59
Q

Macules

A

are the simplest skin lesion. They are flat spots that can be seen but not felt. They are visible because they change the color of the skin. Freckles are an example.

60
Q

Pustules

A

are raised spots filled with pus, such as acne or infected boils.

61
Q

Vesicles

A

are small blisters that contain fluid. They can occur on the skin or inside the mouth. Chickenpox is an example.

62
Q

Welts

A

are large raised, irregular areas, that are usually itchy. Hives from an allergic reaction are an example.

63
Q

Hematoma

A

is a collection of blood in one area. The spot can be visible as a bruise, but may also occur on internal organs. Hematomas can become larger over time. They may also change color.

64
Q

Purpura

A

are small, purplish spots caused by bleeding under the skin. In elderly people, these spots are called senile purpura. Senile purpura occurs because blood vessels become more fragile with age.

CNA Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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