CHAPTER 44 : NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Flashcards
The _____ growth period is rapid, critical for neurocognitive development, and has the highest energy and nutrient requirements relative to body size compared with other periods of growth
infancy
period of growth, during which 60% of total growth occurs
childhood
finally followed by _____ the phase
puberty
INFANCY–>CHILDHOOD–>PUBERTY
Nutrition and growth during the ____ years of life predict adult stature and some health outcomes
first 3
The major risk period for growth stunting (impaired linear growth) is between _______ of age.
4 and 24 months
Provides guidance as to nutrient needs for individuals and groups across different life stages and by gender
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
Key DRI concepts include
- estimated average requirement (EAR),
- recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
- tolerable upper limit of intake (UL)
the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements for 50% of the popula- tion, assuming normal distribution
estimated average requirement (EAR)
an estimate of the daily average nutrient intake to meet the nutritional needs of >97% of the individuals in a population, and it can be used as a guideline for individuals to avoid deficiency in the population
RDA
developed as a guideline for individuals based on the best avail- able data and scientific consensus.
adequate intake (AI)
denotes the highest average daily intake at which no adverse health effects are associated for almost all individuals in a particular group
tolerable upper limit of intake (UL)
includes both intake and expenditure
Energy
The 3 components of energy expenditure in adults are
- basal metabolic rate,
- thermal effect of food (energy required for digestion and absorption), and
- energy for physical activity.
he average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy indi- vidual and accounts for age, gender, weight, stature, and physical activ- ity level
estimated energy requirement (EER)
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommend of _ moderately intense daily activity for children >2 yr of age to maintain a healthy weight and to prevent or delay pro- gression of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease.
60 min
fats,
(∼9 kcal/g)
carbohydrates
(∼4 kcal/g),
and proteins
(∼4 kcal/g).
macronutrients
fats
carbohydrates
proteins
lcohol intake also contributes to energy intake
(∼7 kcal/g)
most calorically dense macronutrient, providing approximately 9 kcal/g
Fat
main sources of fat for infants
human milk/formula
older children get fat from
animal products, vegetable oils, and margarine
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for fats
* children 1-3 yr
* children 4-18 yr
- 30-40% of total energy intake for children 1-3 yr
- 25-35% for children 4-18 yr of age.
cholesterol moieties are precursors for
cell membranes, hormones, and bile acids
is the intake at which the risk of inadequacy is estimated to be 0.5 (50%).
EAR
the intake at which the risk of inadequacy would be very small—only 0.02 to 0.03 (2-3%)
RDA
At intakes between the RDA and the UL, the risk of inadequacy and of excess are estimated
to be close to 0.0.
At intakes above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects can .
increase
most common form of dietary fat and are composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.
Triglycerides
reduce serum triglyceride levels
Decreasing simple sugars and increasing complex carbohydrate intake
what increases the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of serum cholesterol
dietary saturated fatty acids (found primarily in animal fat and dairy products), trans fats (found in hydrogenated margarines and oils), and cholesterol
dietary advice to optimize cardiovas- cular health should be dispensed for children starting at ___ when sufficient fat intake to sustain growth and brain development is less of a concern.
age 2 yr
The current dietary guidelines for children and adolescents recommend that total fat should account for <30% of total daily energy and saturated fat less than 10%, dietary cholesterol <300 mg/day, with no trans fat
true
Humans are incapable of synthesizing the precursor _________, and are dependent on diet for these essential fatty acids.
omega (ω) 3 (α-linolenic acid; ALA) and ω6 (linoleic acid; LA) PUFAs
associated with desquamating skin rashes, alope- cia, thrombocytopenia, impaired immunity, and growth deficits, but is rare in the general population
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency
enzymatically elongated and desaturated into longer-chain fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
LA can be converted to
eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) ω3 PUFAs
LA is converted to
arachidonic acid (ARA)
