CHAPTER 44 : NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Question 1

The _____ growth period is rapid, critical for neurocognitive development, and has the highest energy and nutrient requirements relative to body size compared with other periods of growth

Answer 1

infancy

Question 2

period of growth, during which 60% of total growth occurs

Answer 2

childhood

Question 3

finally followed by _____ the phase

Answer 3

puberty

INFANCY–>CHILDHOOD–>PUBERTY

Question 4

Nutrition and growth during the ____ years of life predict adult stature and some health outcomes

Answer 4

first 3

Question 5

The major risk period for growth stunting (impaired linear growth) is between _______ of age.

Answer 5

4 and 24 months

Question 6

Provides guidance as to nutrient needs for individuals and groups across different life stages and by gender

Answer 6

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES

Question 7

Key DRI concepts include

Answer 7

• estimated average requirement (EAR),
• recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
• tolerable upper limit of intake (UL)

Question 8

the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements for 50% of the popula- tion, assuming normal distribution

Answer 8

estimated average requirement (EAR)

Question 9

an estimate of the daily average nutrient intake to meet the nutritional needs of >97% of the individuals in a population, and it can be used as a guideline for individuals to avoid deficiency in the population

Answer 9

RDA

Question 10

developed as a guideline for individuals based on the best avail- able data and scientific consensus.

Answer 10

adequate intake (AI)

Question 11

denotes the highest average daily intake at which no adverse health effects are associated for almost all individuals in a particular group

Answer 11

tolerable upper limit of intake (UL)

Question 12

includes both intake and expenditure

Answer 12

Energy

Question 13

The 3 components of energy expenditure in adults are

Answer 13

• basal metabolic rate,
• thermal effect of food (energy required for digestion and absorption), and
• energy for physical activity.

Question 14

he average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy indi- vidual and accounts for age, gender, weight, stature, and physical activ- ity level

Answer 14

estimated energy requirement (EER)

Question 15

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommend of _ moderately intense daily activity for children >2 yr of age to maintain a healthy weight and to prevent or delay pro- gression of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Answer 15

60 min

Question 16

fats,

Answer 16

(∼9 kcal/g)

Question 17

carbohydrates

Answer 17

(∼4 kcal/g),

Question 18

and proteins

Answer 18

(∼4 kcal/g).

Question 19

macronutrients

Answer 19

fats
carbohydrates
proteins

Question 20

lcohol intake also contributes to energy intake

Answer 20

(∼7 kcal/g)

Question 21

most calorically dense macronutrient, providing approximately 9 kcal/g

Answer 21

Fat

Question 22

main sources of fat for infants

Answer 22

human milk/formula

Question 23

older children get fat from

Answer 23

animal products, vegetable oils, and margarine

Question 24

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for fats
* children 1-3 yr
* children 4-18 yr

Answer 24

• 30-40% of total energy intake for children 1-3 yr
• 25-35% for children 4-18 yr of age.

Question 25

cholesterol moieties are precursors for

Answer 25

cell membranes, hormones, and bile acids

Question 26

is the intake at which the risk of inadequacy is estimated to be 0.5 (50%).

Answer 26

EAR

Question 27

the intake at which the risk of inadequacy would be very small—only 0.02 to 0.03 (2-3%)

Answer 27

RDA

Question 28

At intakes between the RDA and the UL, the risk of inadequacy and of excess are estimated

Answer 28

to be close to 0.0.

Question 29

At intakes above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects can .

Answer 29

increase

Question 30

most common form of dietary fat and are composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.

Answer 30

Triglycerides

Question 31

reduce serum triglyceride levels

Answer 31

Decreasing simple sugars and increasing complex carbohydrate intake

Question 32

what increases the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of serum cholesterol

Answer 32

dietary saturated fatty acids (found primarily in animal fat and dairy products), trans fats (found in hydrogenated margarines and oils), and cholesterol

Question 33

dietary advice to optimize cardiovas- cular health should be dispensed for children starting at ___ when sufficient fat intake to sustain growth and brain development is less of a concern.

Answer 33

age 2 yr

Question 34

The current dietary guidelines for children and adolescents recommend that total fat should account for <30% of total daily energy and saturated fat less than 10%, dietary cholesterol <300 mg/day, with no trans fat

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Humans are incapable of synthesizing the precursor _________, and are dependent on diet for these essential fatty acids.

Answer 35

omega (ω) 3 (α-linolenic acid; ALA) and ω6 (linoleic acid; LA) PUFAs

Question 36

associated with desquamating skin rashes, alope- cia, thrombocytopenia, impaired immunity, and growth deficits, but is rare in the general population

Answer 36

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency

Question 37

enzymatically elongated and desaturated into longer-chain fatty acids

Answer 37

Essential fatty acids

Question 38

LA can be converted to

Answer 38

eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) ω3 PUFAs

Question 39

LA is converted to

Answer 39

arachidonic acid (ARA)