Chapter 41: Alterations of Digestive Function

Question 1

Hepatorenal syndrome is usually associated with _________ _________.

Answer 1

alcoholic cirrhosis

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Question 2

The renal failure of HRS is not caused by primary renal disease or other extrinsic factors, but rather by…

Answer 2

…arterial vasodilation of the splanchnic vasculature, reduced effective blood volume, and renal vasoconstriction.
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Question 3

Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome involves rapid and progressive renal failure related to ______ _________ in blood volume and _________ _______ ______.

Answer 3

severe reduction; decreased cardiac output

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Question 4

Type 2 hepatorenal syndrome is slower, more stable, and is accompanied by __________ _______.

Answer 4

refractory ascites.

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Question 5

Hepatorenal syndrome is a diagnosis of…

Answer 5

…exclusion.

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Question 6

Unlike acute tubular necrosis, urine sodium concentrations in HRS are…

Answer 6

…below normal.

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Question 7

Treatments to increase renal perfusion include…

…which are effective in 50% of individuals with type 1 HRS.

Answer 7

…systemic vasoconstrictors (alpha agonists) and albumin…
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Question 8

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is…

Answer 8

…vomiting of blood from bleeding esophageal varices.

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