Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Question 1

Paresis and paralysis are symptoms of upper and lower _____ ______ syndromes.

Answer 1

motor neuron

p. 568

Question 2

Paresis (weakness) is impairment of motor function, that is, …..

Answer 2

…partial paralysis with incomplete loss of muscle power.

p. 568

Question 3

Paralysis is….

Answer 3

…..loss of motor function.

Question 4

Upper motor neuron paresis/ paralysis is known also as…

Answer 4

….spastic paresis/paralysis.

Question 5

________ is the paralysis of both upper and lower extremities as a result of cerebral hemisphere injuries.

Answer 5

Diplegia

Question 6

Paraparesis is…

Answer 6

…weakness of the lower extremities.

Question 7

Paraplegia is…

Answer 7

…paralysis of the lower extremities.

Question 8

If the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves are affected instead of the anterior horn cells, the disorder is labeled ___________ ______ _____, so named because the myelencephalon (medulla and upper cranial nerves) originally was called the bulb and a degenerative process causes a progressively more serious condition.

Answer 8

progressive bulbar palsy

p. 572

Question 9

When any lower motor neuron syndrome involves the cranial nerves that arise from the bulb (i.e. cranial nerves __, __, and __), the dysfunction is called a bulbar palsy.

Answer 9

IX, X, and XII

p. 572

Question 10

Clinical manifestations of bulbar palsy include paresis or paralysis of the ___, face, pharynx, and ______ musculature. Articulation is affected, especially articulation of the lingual (r, n, l), labial (b, m, p, f), dental (d, t), and palatal (k, g) consonants. Modulation is impaired, making the voice rasping or nasal. Pharyngeal reflexes are diminished or lost. Palate and vocal cord movement during phonation is impaired, and chewing and swallowing are affected. The facial muscles are weak, and the face appears to droop. The jaw jerk reflex is decreased. Atrophy eventually becomes apparent, as do fasciculations. All these manifestations become progressively worse, leading to aspiration, malnutrition, possible dehydration, and an inability to communicate verbally.

Answer 10

jaw

tongue