Chapter 40

Question 1

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 1

Vertebrates: Space between cells

Question 2

Digestive system

Answer 2

Food processing

Question 3

Circulatory system

Answer 3

Internal distribution of materials

Question 4

Respiratory System

Answer 4

Gas exchange

Question 5

Immune and Lymphatic System

Answer 5

Body defense

Question 6

Excretory system

Answer 6

Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Question 7

Endocrine system

Answer 7

-Coordination of body activities
-Transmits hormones to receptive cells via blood

Question 8

Reproductive system

Answer 8

reproduction

Question 9

Nervous system

Answer 9

-Coordination of body activities: detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
-Transmits information between specific locations

Question 10

Integumentary System

Answer 10

Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation

Question 11

Skeletal System

Answer 11

Body support, protection of internal organs, Movement

Question 12

Muscular system

Answer 12

Locomotion and other movement

Question 13

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 13

Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

Question 14

Connective Tissue

Answer 14

Binds and supports other tissues

Question 15

Connective tissue contains cells, including…

Answer 15

-Fibroblasts: Secrete proteins of extracellular fibers
-Macrophages: Immune system

Question 16

What are the six major types of connective tissue in vertebrae?

Answer 16

-Loose connective: Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place
-Cartilage: strong and flexible support material
-Fibrous connective: tendons(Muscles to bones) and ligaments (Bones at joints)
-Adipose: fat
-Blood: blood cells and cell fragments in plasma
-Bone: Mineralized and skeleton

Question 17

muscle Tissue

Answer 17

Muscle fibers, contract in response to nerve signals

Question 18

What are the three types of muscle

Answer 18

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 19

Nervous Tissue

Answer 19

Senses stimuli and transmits signals

Question 20

neurons

Answer 20

Transmit nerve impulses

Question 21

Glial Cells

Answer 21

Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

Question 22

Regulator

Answer 22

Internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Question 23

Conformer

Answer 23

Allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 24

Homeostasis

Answer 24

Maintain a “steady state” of internal balance regardless of external environment

Question 25

Negative feedback

Answer 25

Buildup of the end product shuts the system off

Question 26

Positive feedback

Answer 26

Amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

Question 27

Thermoregulation

Answer 27

Maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Question 28

Endothermic

Answer 28

Generate heat by metabolism

Question 29

Ectothermic

Answer 29

Gain heat from external sources

Question 30

Poikilotherm

Answer 30

Body temperature varies with environment

Question 31

Homeotherm

Answer 31

Body temperature is constant

Question 32

What are the five adaptations help animals thermoregulate?

Answer 32

-insulation -circulatory adaptations -Cooling by evaporative heat loss -behavioral responses -Adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 33

What does insulation do?

Answer 33

Skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment

Question 34

Vasodilation

Answer 34

blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

Question 35

Vasoconstriction

Answer 35

blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

Question 36

Countercurrent Exchange

Answer 36

heat exchangers transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss

Question 37

Behavioral Responses

Answer 37

endotherms and ectotherms use this to control body temperature

Question 38

Thermogenesis

Answer 38

adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature

Question 39

Hypothalamus

Answer 39

controls thermoregulation -triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms -Fever: change in biological thermostat

Question 40

Bioenergetics

Answer 40

flow and transformation of energy -how much food an animal needs -relates to an animal’s size, activity, and environment

Question 41

Biosynthesis

Answer 41

body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material (fat), and production of gametes

Question 42

Metabolic rate

Answer 42

amount of energy over time -An animal’s heat loss -Amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced

Question 43

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 43

endotherm metabolic rate at comfortable temp.

Question 44

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

Answer 44

ectotherm metabolic rate at specific temperature -nongrowing, fasting, and nonstressed animal -Ectotherms: lower metabolic rates

Question 45

What greatly affects metabolic rate for endotherms and ectotherms?

Answer 45

Activity

Question 46

Torpor

Answer 46

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases -enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions

Question 47

Hibernation

Answer 47

long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity -Summer torpor (estivation) enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water -Daily torpor is exhibited by many small mammals and birds and seems adapted to feeding patterns

Question 48

Regulator

Answer 48

internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Question 49

Conformer

Answer 49

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 50

Homeostasis

Answer 50

maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment

Question 51

What serves as a stimulus; detected by a sensor and trigger response

Answer 51

Fluctuations above or below a set point

Question 52

circadian rhythm

Answer 52

physiological changes that occur ~ 24 hours