Chapter 4- Tissues and membranes Flashcards
classification of epithelial cells tissues is based on ?
the type of cell, its shape, and the number of layers of cells
What are the 3 distinctive cell shapes, and an example of each?
squamous (flat, thin, smooth)- alveoli cells, skin cells
cuboidal (cubes- secretion)
columnar (tall and narrow-secretion/absorption)
what does simple and stratified layers?
simple is single layer., (capillaries)
stratifies is many layers (skin layers)
What is transitional epithelium layers, and give an example.
type of stratified epithilium in which the surface cells change shape from round to squamous.
Urinary bladder line- allows for the bladder to stretch (starts round goes flat as bladder fills)
what is simple cuboidal epithelium layers, and give an example
single layer of cuboidal shaped cells. - makes up functional units of thyroid and salivary glands.
» glandular epithelium; function- secretion!
what is simple columnar simple epithelium, and give an example
specialized for secretion and absorption
stomach lining, small intestine
what are unique about the columnar epithelium cells found in the small intestine?
they have microvilli, -they are used to increase surface area for absorption
define the unique type of columnar cell, that is a unicellular gland, which secretes mucus
goblet cell,
found in the intestine, and select linings of the respiratory tract
what is ciliated simple epithelium and where is it found?
consist of columnar cells have have cilia on their free surface,
lines the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and large bronchial tubes, linning of fallopian tubes
what are the two sub-categories of multicellular glands?
- exocrine
2. endocrine
define exocrine glands
have ducts to take secretions way from the gland to the site of its function.
sweat glansa, salivary glands
define endocrine glands
ductless glands, the secretion of endocrine glans are a group of chemicals called hormones, and circulate the body via the blood system.
eg. thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glans
which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland and how?
exocrine> secretes digestive enzymes carried to small intestine
endocrine > pancreatic islet or islet of Langerhan - secretes insuline and glucagon directly into blood
what are the different types of connective tissues
areolar adipose fibrous elastic tissue blood bone cartilage
what is cystic fibrosis?
genetic disorder of certain exocrine glans. Thick mucus clogs the ducts and prevents enzymes from reaching target areas. The lungs are affected by the genetic mutation, and cannot warrent off a beactirum, which stimulates the lung cells to produce copious thick mucus.
- impaired digestion, and respiratory traits.
where are blood cells produced?
stem cells in the red bone marrow, the bodys’ primary hemopoietic tissue
name the types of Blood cells
Red, platelets, WBC (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
which organs are part of the lymphatic tissues
spleen
lymph nodes
thymus gland
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “BLOOD”
structure: plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets
Location/Function: plasma - transport, RBC- carry O2, WBC- destroy pathogens, platelets- prevent blood loss
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Aerolar (loose)”
structure: Fibroblasts and a matrix of tissue fluid, collagen, and elastin fibres
Location/ function: (beneath dermis and epithelial tissue)
1. subcutaneous >connect skin to muscles, and WBC destroy pathogens,
2. mucous membrane > WBC destroy pathogens
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Adipose”.
structure: Adipocytes that store fat. (adipocytes dont grow in number- just size)
Location/function:
1. subcuatneous /stores excess energy, produces chemicals that influence appetite, use of nutrients inflammation,
2. around eyes and kidneys / cushions
3. brown fat in infants/ generates heat
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Firbous”
structure: mostly collagen fibres with few fibroblasts.
Location/Function:
1. tendons and ligaments (regular) / strong to withstand forces of movement of joints ( Slow healing time d/t low blood supply.)
2. dermis (irregular) / the strong inner layer of the skin (lots of blood supply)
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Elastic”
structure: mostly elastin fibres with few fribroblasts
Location/Function:
1. walls of large arteries/ helps maintain BP,
2. around alveoli in lungs/ promotes normal exhalation
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Bone”
structure: osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen
Location/Function:
1. bones/ support the body, protect internal organs, store excess Ca+, contain and protect red bone marrow
name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Cartilage”
structure: chondrocytes in a flexible protein matrix
Location/Function:
1. wall of trachea / keeps airway open,
2. on joint surface / smooth to prevent friction
3. tip of nose and outter ear / support
4. between vertabrae / absorb shock.
is adipose tissue considered an endocrine tissue?
yes, it produces at least one hormone.
what is the difference between brown and white adipose tissue?
- white is an energy storage
2. brown is a thermogenic (heat generating) - usually in babies but can be found in the neck and shoulders of adults.
what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissues, and provide examples of each
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
name the structure, location, functions, and effects of nerve impulses of the skeletal muscle
structure: large cylindrical cells with striations and several nuclei each
location: attaches to bones
function: moves the skeleton and produces heat
effect: essential to cause contraction (voluntary)
name the structure, location, functions, and effects of nerve impulses of the smooth muscle
structure: small tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each
location/function:
1. walls of arteries/ maintain BP
2. walls of stomach and intestines/ peristalsis
3. iris of the eye / regulate size of pupil
effects: bring about contraction of regulate the rate of contraction (involuntary)
name the structure, location, functions, and effects of nerve impulses of the cardiac muscle
structure: branched cells with faint striations and one nucleus each
location: walls of the chambers of the heart
function: pump blood
Effects: regulate only the rate of contraction
what is the name of the cardiac muscle as a whole, and what does it form?
myocardium forms the wall of the four chambers of the heart
name the 5 kinds of the nerve tissue
neurons synapses neutrotransmitters neuroglia schwann cells
describe the structure and function of the parts that make nerve cells’
name/structure/function
- cell body/contains the nucleus / regulates the functioning of the neuron
- axon/cellular process / carries impulses away from cell body
- dentrites/ cellular process/ carries impulses towards the cell body
describe the structure and function of the synapse
structure: space between axon of the one neuron and the dentrite or cell body of the next neuron
function: transmits impulses from one neuron to others.
describe the structure and function of the neurotransmitters
structure: chemicals released by axons
function: transmit impulses across synapses
describe the structure and function of the neuroglia
structure: specialized cells in the CNS
function: form myelin sheaths and other functions
describe the structure and function of the schwann cells
structure: specialized cells in the PNS
function: form the myelin sheaths around neurons
what are the two categories of membranes?
epithelial membranes
connective tissue membranes
what are the two kinds of epithelial membranes?
serous and mucous
where do you find mucous membranes?
lining the body tract systems, that have openings to the environment. (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive)
- if they dry out they can die
describe the location and function of the following membrane: superficial fascia
between the skin and muscles; adipose tissue stores fat
describe the location and function of the following membrane: periosteum
- covers each bone; contrains blood vessels that enter the bone
- anchors tendons and ligaments
describe the location and function of the following membrane: perichondrium
covers cartilage; contains capillaries, the only blood supply for cartilage
describe the location and function of the following membrane: synovial
lines joint cavities; secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move
describe the location and function of the following membrane: deep fascia
covers each skeletal muscle; anchors tendons
describe the location and function of the following membrane: meninges
covers teh brain and spinal cord contains cerebrospinal fluid.
describe the location and function of the following membrane: fibrous pericardium
forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal pericardium
