Chapter 4- Tissues and membranes

Question 1

classification of epithelial cells tissues is based on ?

Answer 1

the type of cell, its shape, and the number of layers of cells

Question 2

What are the 3 distinctive cell shapes, and an example of each?

Answer 2

squamous (flat, thin, smooth)- alveoli cells, skin cells
cuboidal (cubes- secretion)
columnar (tall and narrow-secretion/absorption)

Question 3

what does simple and stratified layers?

Answer 3

simple is single layer., (capillaries)

stratifies is many layers (skin layers)

Question 4

What is transitional epithelium layers, and give an example.

Answer 4

type of stratified epithilium in which the surface cells change shape from round to squamous.
Urinary bladder line- allows for the bladder to stretch (starts round goes flat as bladder fills)

Question 5

what is simple cuboidal epithelium layers, and give an example

Answer 5

single layer of cuboidal shaped cells. - makes up functional units of thyroid and salivary glands.
» glandular epithelium; function- secretion!

Question 6

what is simple columnar simple epithelium, and give an example

Answer 6

specialized for secretion and absorption

stomach lining, small intestine

Question 7

what are unique about the columnar epithelium cells found in the small intestine?

Answer 7

they have microvilli, -they are used to increase surface area for absorption

Question 8

define the unique type of columnar cell, that is a unicellular gland, which secretes mucus

Answer 8

goblet cell,

found in the intestine, and select linings of the respiratory tract

Question 9

what is ciliated simple epithelium and where is it found?

Answer 9

consist of columnar cells have have cilia on their free surface,
lines the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and large bronchial tubes, linning of fallopian tubes

Question 10

what are the two sub-categories of multicellular glands?

Answer 10

1. exocrine

2. endocrine

Question 11

define exocrine glands

Answer 11

have ducts to take secretions way from the gland to the site of its function.
sweat glansa, salivary glands

Question 12

define endocrine glands

Answer 12

ductless glands, the secretion of endocrine glans are a group of chemicals called hormones, and circulate the body via the blood system.
eg. thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glans

Question 13

which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland and how?

Answer 13

exocrine> secretes digestive enzymes carried to small intestine
endocrine > pancreatic islet or islet of Langerhan - secretes insuline and glucagon directly into blood

Question 14

what are the different types of connective tissues

Answer 14

areolar 
adipose fibrous
elastic tissue
blood
bone
cartilage

Question 15

what is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 15

genetic disorder of certain exocrine glans. Thick mucus clogs the ducts and prevents enzymes from reaching target areas. The lungs are affected by the genetic mutation, and cannot warrent off a beactirum, which stimulates the lung cells to produce copious thick mucus.
- impaired digestion, and respiratory traits.

Question 16

where are blood cells produced?

Answer 16

stem cells in the red bone marrow, the bodys’ primary hemopoietic tissue

Question 17

name the types of Blood cells

Answer 17

Red, platelets, WBC (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

Question 18

which organs are part of the lymphatic tissues

Answer 18

spleen
lymph nodes
thymus gland

Question 19

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “BLOOD”

Answer 19

structure: plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets

Location/Function: plasma - transport, RBC- carry O2, WBC- destroy pathogens, platelets- prevent blood loss

Question 20

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Aerolar (loose)”

Answer 20

structure: Fibroblasts and a matrix of tissue fluid, collagen, and elastin fibres
Location/ function: (beneath dermis and epithelial tissue)
1. subcutaneous >connect skin to muscles, and WBC destroy pathogens,
2. mucous membrane > WBC destroy pathogens

Question 21

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Adipose”.

Answer 21

structure: Adipocytes that store fat. (adipocytes dont grow in number- just size)
Location/function:
1. subcuatneous /stores excess energy, produces chemicals that influence appetite, use of nutrients inflammation,
2. around eyes and kidneys / cushions
3. brown fat in infants/ generates heat

Question 22

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Firbous”

Answer 22

structure: mostly collagen fibres with few fibroblasts.
Location/Function:
1. tendons and ligaments (regular) / strong to withstand forces of movement of joints ( Slow healing time d/t low blood supply.)
2. dermis (irregular) / the strong inner layer of the skin (lots of blood supply)

Question 23

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Elastic”

Answer 23

structure: mostly elastin fibres with few fribroblasts
Location/Function:
1. walls of large arteries/ helps maintain BP,
2. around alveoli in lungs/ promotes normal exhalation

Question 24

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Bone”

Answer 24

structure: osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen
Location/Function:
1. bones/ support the body, protect internal organs, store excess Ca+, contain and protect red bone marrow

Question 25

name the structure and location/ functions, of the connective tissue “Cartilage”

Answer 25

structure: chondrocytes in a flexible protein matrix
Location/Function:
1. wall of trachea / keeps airway open,
2. on joint surface / smooth to prevent friction
3. tip of nose and outter ear / support
4. between vertabrae / absorb shock.

Question 26

is adipose tissue considered an endocrine tissue?

Answer 26

yes, it produces at least one hormone.

Question 27

what is the difference between brown and white adipose tissue?

Answer 27

1. white is an energy storage

2. brown is a thermogenic (heat generating) - usually in babies but can be found in the neck and shoulders of adults.

Question 28

what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissues, and provide examples of each

Answer 28

1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Question 29

name the structure, location, functions, and effects of nerve impulses of the skeletal muscle

Answer 29

structure: large cylindrical cells with striations and several nuclei each
location: attaches to bones
function: moves the skeleton and produces heat
effect: essential to cause contraction (voluntary)

Question 30

name the structure, location, functions, and effects of nerve impulses of the smooth muscle

Answer 30

structure: small tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each
location/function:
1. walls of arteries/ maintain BP
2. walls of stomach and intestines/ peristalsis
3. iris of the eye / regulate size of pupil
effects: bring about contraction of regulate the rate of contraction (involuntary)

Question 31

name the structure, location, functions, and effects of nerve impulses of the cardiac muscle

Answer 31

structure: branched cells with faint striations and one nucleus each
location: walls of the chambers of the heart
function: pump blood
Effects: regulate only the rate of contraction

Question 32

what is the name of the cardiac muscle as a whole, and what does it form?

Answer 32

myocardium forms the wall of the four chambers of the heart

Question 33

name the 5 kinds of the nerve tissue

Answer 33

neurons
synapses
neutrotransmitters
neuroglia 
schwann cells

Question 34

describe the structure and function of the parts that make nerve cells’

Answer 34

name/structure/function

1. cell body/contains the nucleus / regulates the functioning of the neuron
2. axon/cellular process / carries impulses away from cell body
3. dentrites/ cellular process/ carries impulses towards the cell body

Question 35

describe the structure and function of the synapse

Answer 35

structure: space between axon of the one neuron and the dentrite or cell body of the next neuron
function: transmits impulses from one neuron to others.

Question 36

describe the structure and function of the neurotransmitters

Answer 36

structure: chemicals released by axons
function: transmit impulses across synapses

Question 37

describe the structure and function of the neuroglia

Answer 37

structure: specialized cells in the CNS
function: form myelin sheaths and other functions

Question 38

describe the structure and function of the schwann cells

Answer 38

structure: specialized cells in the PNS
function: form the myelin sheaths around neurons

Question 39

what are the two categories of membranes?

Answer 39

epithelial membranes

connective tissue membranes

Question 40

what are the two kinds of epithelial membranes?

Answer 40

serous and mucous

Question 41

where do you find mucous membranes?

Answer 41

lining the body tract systems, that have openings to the environment. (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive)
- if they dry out they can die

Question 42

describe the location and function of the following membrane: superficial fascia

Answer 42

between the skin and muscles; adipose tissue stores fat

Question 43

describe the location and function of the following membrane: periosteum

Answer 43

• covers each bone; contrains blood vessels that enter the bone
• anchors tendons and ligaments

Question 44

describe the location and function of the following membrane: perichondrium

Answer 44

covers cartilage; contains capillaries, the only blood supply for cartilage

Question 45

describe the location and function of the following membrane: synovial

Answer 45

lines joint cavities; secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move

Question 46

describe the location and function of the following membrane: deep fascia

Answer 46

covers each skeletal muscle; anchors tendons

Question 47

describe the location and function of the following membrane: meninges

Answer 47

covers teh brain and spinal cord contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 48

describe the location and function of the following membrane: fibrous pericardium

Answer 48

forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal pericardium