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ALU- Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 10- The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 10- The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 classes of hormones?

A
  1. amines
  2. proteins
    steroid
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2
Q

what are amines?

A
  • simple variations of tyrosine

eg: thyroxine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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3
Q

what are proteins?

A
  • 50-200 amino acids
  • eg insuline, GTH-P, calcitonin.
  • short chains are called peptides (oxytocin)
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4
Q

what are steroids?

A

cholesterol base

eg: cortisol and aldosterone

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5
Q

what does the hypothalamus release?

A
  1. releasing hormone for anterior perituitrary
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6
Q

what hormones are released by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine and T3, clacitonin,

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7
Q

what is released by the thymus gland

A

immune hormones

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8
Q

what is released by the pituitary (hypophysis) gland

  • Anterior
  • Posterior
A

Ant: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LF, Prolactin
post: ADH, oxytocin

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9
Q

what is released by the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

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10
Q

what is released by the parathyroid glands?

A

PTH

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11
Q

what is released by the adrenal (suprarenal) glands?

  • cortex
  • mendulla
A
  • cortex: aldosterone, cotrisol, sex hormone

- Mendulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine

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12
Q

what is released by the pancrease

A

insulin,

glucagon

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13
Q

what is released by the ovaries

A

estrogen
progesteron
inhibin

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14
Q

what is released by the testes

A

testosterone

inhibin

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15
Q

what hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland until they are needed.?

A

antidiuretic and oxytocin

- they are produced, and controlled by the hypothalamus,

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16
Q

describe the function and regulation of the ADH (vasopressin) hormone

A

function: increase water reabsorbion throught the kidneys, decrease sweating, cause vasoconstriction
regulation: decreased water content in the body

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17
Q

describe the funciton and regulation of the oxytocin hormone

A

function: promote contraction of myometrium of uterus, promotes release of milk from mammary glands
regulation: nerve impulses from hypothylamus, secretion from placenta at end of gestation

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18
Q

what are 3 disorderes of growth hormones?

A
  1. pituitary dwarfism, (hyposecretion of GH at young age)

2. giantism (hypersecretion of GH- in adulthood its causes by a pituitary tumor and results in acromegaly)

19
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: growth hormone

A

function: ^ rate of mitosis, ^ AA transport into cells, ^ rate of protein synthesis, ^ use of fats for energy
regulation: GHRH > stimulates // GHIH > inhibits secretion

20
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

function: increase secreation of thyroxine, and T3 by the thyroid gland
regulation: TRH (hypothyroid)

21
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A 
function: increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
regulation CRH (hypothalamus)
22
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: FSH hormone

A

function

women: initiate growth of ova, increase estrogen secretion by follicle cells
men: initiate sperm production in the testes
regulation: GnRH (hypothalamus) > sitmulates // Inhibin > inhibits

23
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: LH (ICSH)

A

funciton:

women: causes ovulation, ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus lumen, increase secretion of progesterone by the corpus lumen
men: increase secretion of testosterone by interstitial cells of the testes
regulation: GnRH (hypothalamus)

24
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: Thyoxine (T4) and T3 hormones

A

function: increase energy production from all food types, and increase rate of protein synthesis
regulation: TSH

25
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: calcitonin hormone

A

function: decrease the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to bones.
regulation: hypercalcemia.

26
Q

what are the disorders of thyroxine?

A
  1. iodine diet deficiency causes goiter, tx with iodize salt
  2. cretinism caused by hyposecretion of T4, tx- if early dectection with thryoid hormones
  3. myxedema caused by hyposecretion, L metabolic rate, tx with thyroid hormone
  4. Graves disease, caused by hypersecretion > ^ metabolic rate, tx with medication
27
Q

which cells in the isclet of langerhan produce glucagon, and which produce insulin?

A
  1. Alpha glucagon

2. Beta insulin

28
Q

how does insulin lower the blood glucose level in cells?

A

increases transport of glucose from the blood into cells by increasing permeability of cell membrane to glucose.

29
Q

describe the functions and regulations of the PTH hormone (parathyroid hormone)

A

^ reabsorption of Ca+ and phosphate from bone to blood, ^ absoroption of calcium and phosphate by the small intestine, ^ the reabsorption of Ca+ and the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys; activates Vit D.
regulation: hypocalcemia stimulates secretion. Hypercalcemia inhibits secretion.

30
Q

describe the function and regulation of the hormone glucagon

A

function: ^ conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, ^ the use of excess AA and of fats for energy
regulation: hypoglycemia

31
Q

describe the function and regulation of the hormone

A

functions: increases glucose transport into cells, and the use of glucose for energy production, ^ conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles, ^ amino acid and fatty acid transport into cells, and their use in synthesis reactions
regulation: hyperglycemia

32
Q

describe the function and regulation of the hormone somatostatin (delta cells)

A

function: . decreases secretion of insulin and glucagon, slows absorption of nutrients
regulation: rising levels of insulin and glucagon

33
Q

what is ketoacidosis, and when does it arise?

A

T1DM disorder, when glucose cannot be used for energy, body turns fat and proteins into keytones. They arnt used by the body quickly, and becomes very acidic. This leads to dizziness, dehydration, urination, coma, death.

34
Q

describe the function and regulation of norepinephrine

A

causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles
regulation: sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situtations

35
Q

describe the function and regulation of epinephrine.

A

^ HR and force of contraction, dilates bronchioles, decreases peristalsis, increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in teh liver, causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles, causes vasoconstriction in skin and viscera, increases use of fats for energy, ^ rate of cell respiration
regulation: sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situtations

36
Q

what are the 2 disorders of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. addisons disease, > hypo-secretion of adrenal cortical hormone > weakness, inability to resist stress - tx with hydrocortisone
  2. cushing syndrome > hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, (cortisol) > tx remove cause of hypersecretion (tumor?) sometimes results from tx of corticosteroids for asthma or transplant patients.
37
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of aldosterone

A 
function : ^ reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys to blood, ^ excretion of K+ ions by the kidneys in the urine
regulation: low blood Na+, low blood volume or pressure, high blood K+
38
Q

describe the function and regulation of secretion of cortisol

A

function: ^ use of fats, and excecss AA for energy, decrease use of glucose for energy, ^ conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver, anti-inflammatory effects: stabalizes lysosomes and blocks the effects of histamine
regulation: ACTH during physiological stress

39
Q

describe the function and regulation of the hormone melatonin

A

function: stimulates onset of sleep and its duration, possibly strengthens immune system,
regulation: cyclic cycle of light

40
Q

describe the funciton and regulation of the hormone PG’s (prostaglandins) produced by all cells from the phospholipids of their cell membranes.

A

function: many types from (A-I), involved in inflammation, pain mechanism, blood clotting, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation, nutrient metabolism, etc…
regulation: they do not circulate in the blood,

41
Q

what is the mechanism of hormones in the body, include examples of both two-messenger mechanisms.

A

bond to a receptor for target cell,
1. a cells response to a hormone is determined by the enzymes within the cell, that is the reactions of which the cell is capable. there mechanisms are brought about by the first messenger, the hormone, which stimulates the formation of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then activates the cell’s enzymes to elicit a response to the hormone.

42
Q

what is a steroid hormone, define its mechanism as a response.

A
  • soluble in the lipids, dont need messenger
  • in cell; combines with the protein receptor in the cytoplasm and this steroid-protein complex enters the nucleus of the cell.
  • in nucleus; the complex activates specific genes, which begin the process of protein synthesis.
  • enzymes produced bring about the cells response to the hormone
43
Q

what is cortisol impportant in the use of food for energy?

A

Glucose cannot be absorbed directly into the brain via the BBB. Cortisol allows for the break down of glucose that it may be absorbed by the brain, its purpose of being used by all different types of food compounds, allows there to be glucose no matter what is available as nutrition.

ALU- Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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