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ALU- Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1- Organization and General Plan of the Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Organization and General Plan of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

study of body structure (size, shape, composition)

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of how the body functions?

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3
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

the study of disorders of functioning, and a knowledge of normal physiology makes such as disorders easier to understand > illustrates relationship of disease, and describe procedures used in the dx of disease

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4
Q

what are the two major categories of chemicals?

A

inorganic and organic

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5
Q

what is inorganic chemicals?

A

simple molecules made up of one or two elements other than carbon (water, o2, CO2* exception, minerals)

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6
Q

what is organic chemicals?

A

complex molecules always containing carbon and hydrogren.

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7
Q

what are 3 sub-categories of organic chemicals?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. fats
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acuds
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8
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of cells with similar structure and function.

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9
Q

what is the chart table (in order) that deplicts the level of a structural organism?

A

chemical > cellular > tissue> organ > organ system > organism

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10
Q

what are the four groups of tissues?

A

epithelial (cover/line body surface)
connective (connect and support)
Muscles (specialized for contraction)
nerve (generate and transmit electrochemical impulses)

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11
Q

what is an organ?

A

a group of tissues precisely arranged to accomplish specific functions

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12
Q

what is an organ system?

A

group of organs that all contribute to a particular function.

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13
Q

what is metabolism?

A

a collective noun; it is all of the chemical reaction sand physical process that take place within the body. This includes growing, repairing, reacting and reproducing.

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14
Q

which organ system acts a barier to pathogens and chemical, and prevents excessive water loss?

A

Integumentary: skin, subcutaneous tissues

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15
Q

which organ system regulates body function such as growth and reproduction by means of hormones, and regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones

A

endocrine : thryoid, pituitary gland, ovaries/testes, pancreas

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16
Q

Which organ system returns tissue fluid to the blood, and destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity?

A

lymphatic, (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland)

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17
Q

which organic system removes waste product from the blood and regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid?

A

urinary (kidneys, bladder, urethra)

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18
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat. > energy production per unit of time.

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19
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

reflects the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite changes.

20
Q

what is a negative feedback mechanism?

A

the body’s response reverses the stimulus (in effect, turning it off for a while) and keeps some aspect of the body metabolism wnl.
> most common

21
Q

what does Thyroxine do?

A

stimulates the cellular enzyme system that produce energy from food, which increases metabolic rate.

22
Q

what is a positive feedback mechanism?

A

response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus but instead keeps the sequence of the events going. It requires a Break, to interrupt it, therefore they can be self-perpetuating
> more rare in human body. ex child birth, fevers d/t bacteria, blood clot etc.

23
Q

What are some examples of body systems that are regulated by negative feedback?

A

secretion of hormones
HR
BP

24
Q

what is anatomic position?

A

standing up right, facing forward.

25
Q

what are the two major cavities of the body?

A
  1. dorsal (posterior)

2. ventral (anterior)

26
Q

what is contained in the dorsal cavity?

A
  1. CNS, > cranial cavity and the vertebral/spinal cavity
27
Q

is the dorsal system continuous or bound into separate subdivisions.

A

continuous

28
Q

what is included in the cranial cavity, and the spinal cavity?

A

cranial >formed by skull and contains the brain

spinal> backbone and spinal cord

29
Q

what membrane lines the dorsal cavity?

A

meninges

30
Q

the ventral cavity is comprised of which two compartments?

A

the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

31
Q

is the ventral cavity continuous or bound into separate subdivisions?

A

bound by the diaphragm

32
Q

what organs are included in the thoracic cavity, and what is the membrane that bounds it?

A

heart and lungs,

pleural membranes

33
Q

what membranes lines the chest wall, and which covers the lungs?

A

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

34
Q

what membrane covers the heart?

A

pericardical membranes

35
Q

what organs are included in the abdominal cavity

A

liver, stomach and intestine.

36
Q

which two serous membranes cover the abdomen cavity?

A

peritoneum (entire abdomen wall) and mesentery (cont’ membrane folded around and covering the outer surface of the abdomen organs.

37
Q

what organs are included in the pelvic cavity?

A

urinary bladder, reproductive organs,

38
Q

which plane separates the body from back to front

A

frontal (coronal) section

39
Q

which plane (from front to back) separates the body into L and R.

A

saggital section

40
Q

which plane cuts perpendicular to the long axis of an organ.

A

cross-section

41
Q

which plane cuts along the long axis of an organ

A

longitudinal section

42
Q

which plane (horizontal) separates the body into upper and lower portions.

A

transverse

43
Q

what is a quadrant (in terms of planes)

A

a transverse plane and mid-sagittal plane that crosses the abdomen into 4 quadrants.

44
Q

what is a 9- areas (in terms of planes)

A

two transverse planes and two sagittal planes divide the abdomen into 9-areas.

45
Q

name the 9 areas.

A
  1. UR - R hypochondriac region
  2. UM- epigastric region
  3. UL - L hypochondriac region
  4. MR- R lumbar region
  5. C - Umbilical region
  6. ML - L lumbar region
  7. LR - R illiac region
  8. LM - Hypogastric region
  9. LL - L illiac region
46
Q

Name the pre-fixes page 13

A

and terms of location and pposition pg 14

ALU- Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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