Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards
Tissues
• Comprised of groups of cells • Each perform a special function<br> ◊ <ins>Four main types</ins> • Epithelial tissue • Connective tissue • Muscle tissue • Nervous tissue
Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining
- Squamous epithelial cells
- Cuboidal epithelial cells
- Columnar epithelial cells
Squamous Epithelial Cells
• Flat irregularly shaped cells
Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
• Cubed-shaped cells
Columnar Epithelial Cells
• Elongated, nucleus near the bottom of the cell
Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory
- Endocrine gland cells
* Exocrine gland cells
Endocrine Gland Cells
• Form ductless glands that secrete substances (hormones)
Exocrine Gland Cells
• Secrete substances directly into ducts
Connective Tissue - Functions & Subgroups
- Supports & connects organs, tissues, &bones. <br></br>
- Responsible for the transport of nutrients &metabolites, immunological defense, & mechanical support. <br></br>
- Additional functions found in specialized sites include reserve energy storage, heat generation, and blood cell formation.
<ins> ◊ Classified into four subgroups:</ins> • Adipose Tissue • Areolar Tissue (loose tissue) • Dense Fibrous Tissue • Supportive Tissue
Adipose Tissue
- Stores lipid (fat)
- Acts as filler tissue
- Cushions, supports, & insulates the body(conserves body heat)
Areolar Tissue (loose tissue)
• Semifluid matrix <br> • Surrounds various organs, skin & subcutaneouslayer with adipose tissue <br> ◊ <ins>Cells:</ins> • fibroblasts • macrophages • plasma cells • mast cells • white blood cells
◊ <ins>Fibers:</ins>
• collagen
• elastin
Dense Fibrous Tissue includes:
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Aponeuroses
- Fasciae
Supportive Tissue includes:
• Osseous (bone) tissue • Intracellular matrix contains deposits of mineral salts • Cartilage ◊ Hyaline ◊ Fibrocartilage ◊ Elastic cartilage
Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue)
<ins>◊ Blood</ins>
• Plasma & cellular components <br></br>
<ins>◊ Lymph</ins>
• Contains water, glucose, proteins, fats, salts & other tissue components
Muscle Tissue includes:
- Cardiac (striated, involuntary, only in the walls of theheart)
- Skeletal (striated voluntary)
- Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)
Nervous Tissue includes:
◊ Neurons found in the brain, spinal cord & nerves<br></br>
◊ <ins>Irritability</ins>
• ability to respond to environmental changes<br></br>
◊ <ins>Conductivity</ins>
• ability to carry a nerve impulse
Effects of Aging on Tissue are:
• Cells become larger & less able to divide & reproduce <br></br>
• Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells<br></br>
• Waste products accumulate in the tissue
◊ Cell membranes change & carbon dioxide & wastes have difficulty getting out <br></br>
• Lipofusion collects (fatty brown pigment)<br></br>
• Connective tissue becomes progressively
stiff<br></br>
• Increased difficulty receiving oxygen & nutrients<br></br>
• Many tissues lose mass and atrophy
Membranes
• Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane
• Epithelial membranes
◊ mucous or serous
• Connective membranes
Epithelial Membranes include:
- Mucous membranes
- Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)
- Cutaneous membranes (skin)
The functions of Mucous Membranes are:
• Lubricates and protects
- Respiratory mucosa– respiratory passages
- Gastric mucosa – lines the stomach
- Intestinal mucosa – small and large intestine
Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) are:
• Double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid and lines closed body cavities. The fluid produced is called serous fluid.
- Pleural membrane – lines the thoracic cavity
- Pericardial membrane – lines the heart cavity
- Peritoneal membrane – lines the abdominal cavity
Cutaneous membranes are:
Membranes of the skin
What are the Connective Membranes?
• Synovial membrane ◊ Two layers of connective tissue • Lines joint cavities • Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity
What are organs?
- Tissues grouped together to form a specific function
* Coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism
What is an organ system?
• Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function
List the organ systems in the body.
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Circulatory
- Excretory
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Integumentary
Tissue and Organ Transplants:
- All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross- matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ <br></br>
- Rejection is main problem in organ transplants <br></br>
- Major issue: decline in the number of living donor organs
A blood transfusion is an example of what kind of transplant?
Tissue Transplant
List diseases and injuries to tissue:
• Infection
◊ Invasion of a microorganism causingdisease
• Inflammation
◊ Results in pain, redness, swelling & loss of motion
• Trauma
• Abnormal growth of cells
• Birth defects
Tissue Repair includes primary and secondary repair: True or False
True.
What happens during primary tissue repair?
• Fluid escapes from the damaged tissue, then dries and seals the wound, forming a protective scab
What happens during secondary repair?
- Formation of granulation tissue
- Bactericidal fluid is secreted that reduces the risk of infection
- Scar formation depends on the extent of tissue damage
Pleural membrane
• lines the thoracic cavity
Pericardial membrane
• lines the heart cavity
Peritoneal membrane
• lines the abdominal cavity
