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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A 
• Comprised of groups of cells
• Each perform a special function<br>
◊ <ins>Four main types</ins>
 ­• Epithelial tissue
 • Connective tissue
 • Muscle tissue
 • Nervous tissue
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining

A
  • Squamous epithelial cells
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells
  • Columnar epithelial cells
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3
Q

Squamous Epithelial Cells

A

• Flat irregularly shaped cells

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4
Q

Cuboidal Epithelial Cells

A

• Cubed-shaped cells

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5
Q

Columnar Epithelial Cells

A

• Elongated, nucleus near the bottom of the cell

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory

A
  • Endocrine gland cells

* Exocrine gland cells

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7
Q

Endocrine Gland Cells

A

• Form ductless glands that secrete substances (hormones)

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8
Q

Exocrine Gland Cells

A

• Secrete substances directly into ducts

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9
Q

Connective Tissue - Functions & Subgroups

A
  • Supports & connects organs, tissues, &bones. <br></br>
  • Responsible for the transport of nutrients &metabolites, immunological defense, & mechanical support. <br></br>
  • Additional functions found in specialized sites include reserve energy storage, heat generation, and blood cell formation.
<ins> ◊ Classified into four subgroups:</ins>
 • Adipose Tissue
 • Areolar Tissue (loose tissue)
 • Dense Fibrous Tissue
 • Supportive Tissue
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10
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • Stores lipid (fat)
  • Acts as filler tissue
  • Cushions, supports, & insulates the body(conserves body heat)
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11
Q

Areolar Tissue (loose tissue)

A 
• Semifluid matrix <br>
• Surrounds various organs, skin &amp; subcutaneouslayer with adipose tissue <br>
◊ <ins>Cells:</ins>
 • fibroblasts
 • macrophages
 • plasma cells
 • mast cells
 • white blood cells

◊ <ins>Fibers:</ins>
• collagen
• elastin

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12
Q

Dense Fibrous Tissue includes:

A
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Aponeuroses
  • Fasciae
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13
Q

Supportive Tissue includes:

A 
• Osseous (bone) tissue
• Intracellular matrix contains deposits of mineral salts
• Cartilage
 ◊ Hyaline
 ◊ Fibrocartilage
 ◊ Elastic cartilage
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14
Q

Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue)

A

<ins>◊ Blood</ins>
• Plasma & cellular components <br></br>
<ins>◊ Lymph</ins>
• Contains water, glucose, proteins, fats, salts & other tissue components

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15
Q

Muscle Tissue includes:

A
  • Cardiac (striated, involuntary, only in the walls of theheart)
  • Skeletal (striated voluntary)
  • Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)
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16
Q

Nervous Tissue includes:

A

◊ Neurons found in the brain, spinal cord & nerves<br></br>
◊ <ins>Irritability</ins>
• ability to respond to environmental changes<br></br>
◊ <ins>Conductivity</ins>
• ability to carry a nerve impulse

17
Q

Effects of Aging on Tissue are:

A

• Cells become larger & less able to divide & reproduce <br></br>
• Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells<br></br>
• Waste products accumulate in the tissue
◊ Cell membranes change & carbon dioxide & wastes have difficulty getting out <br></br>
• Lipofusion collects (fatty brown pigment)<br></br>
• Connective tissue becomes progressively
stiff<br></br>
• Increased difficulty receiving oxygen & nutrients<br></br>
• Many tissues lose mass and atrophy

18
Q

Membranes

A

• Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane
• Epithelial membranes
◊ mucous or serous
• Connective membranes

19
Q

Epithelial Membranes include:

A
  • Mucous membranes
  • Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)
  • Cutaneous membranes (skin)
20
Q

The functions of Mucous Membranes are:

A

• Lubricates and protects

  • Respiratory mucosa– respiratory passages
  • Gastric mucosa – lines the stomach
  • Intestinal mucosa – small and large intestine
21
Q

Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) are:

A

• Double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid and lines closed body cavities. The fluid produced is called serous fluid.

  • Pleural membrane – lines the thoracic cavity
  • Pericardial membrane – lines the heart cavity
  • Peritoneal membrane – lines the abdominal cavity
22
Q

Cutaneous membranes are:

A

Membranes of the skin

23
Q

What are the Connective Membranes?

A 
• Synovial membrane
  ◊ Two layers of connective tissue
• Lines joint cavities
• Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents 
friction inside the joint cavity
24
Q

What are organs?

A
  • Tissues grouped together to form a specific function

* Coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism

25
Q

What is an organ system?

A

• Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function

26
Q

List the organ systems in the body.

A
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Digestive
  • Respiratory
  • Circulatory
  • Excretory
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Integumentary
27
Q

Tissue and Organ Transplants:

A
  • All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross- matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ <br></br>
  • Rejection is main problem in organ transplants <br></br>
  • Major issue: decline in the number of living donor organs
28
Q

A blood transfusion is an example of what kind of transplant?

A

Tissue Transplant

29
Q

List diseases and injuries to tissue:

A

• Infection
◊ Invasion of a microorganism causingdisease
• Inflammation
◊ Results in pain, redness, swelling & loss of motion
• Trauma
• Abnormal growth of cells
• Birth defects

30
Q

Tissue Repair includes primary and secondary repair: True or False

A

True.

31
Q

What happens during primary tissue repair?

A

• Fluid escapes from the damaged tissue, then dries and seals the wound, forming a protective scab

32
Q

What happens during secondary repair?

A
  • Formation of granulation tissue
  • Bactericidal fluid is secreted that reduces the risk of infection
  • Scar formation depends on the extent of tissue damage
33
Q

Pleural membrane

A

• lines the thoracic cavity

34
Q

Pericardial membrane

A

• lines the heart cavity

35
Q

Peritoneal membrane

A

• lines the abdominal cavity

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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