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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A
  • The basic unit of structure and function of all living things
  • Has a cell or plasma membrane, and a nucleus
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2
Q

Nucleus

A

• Most important organelle within the cell

<ins>Function</ins>
• Control the activities of the cell & facilitate cell division
• DNA and chromatin
• Chromosomes

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3
Q

Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope

A

Regulates transport of substances into & out of the cell

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4
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

Reservoir for RNA

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Serve as site for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Provides an organized watery environment where life
functions take place via the activities of the organelles,
which reside there

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8
Q

Centrosome

A

Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Serve as sites of cellular respiration & energy production
  • Store ATP
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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

Serve as center for cellular digestion

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13
Q

Perioxisomes

A

Enzymes that oxidize cell substances

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Forms internal framework

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15
Q

Pinocytic vesicles

A

Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell

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16
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Create movement

17
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

• Chemical reactions occur within the cells<br></br>• Energy supplied by ATP<br></br>• ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat

18
Q

Cell Division

A

Meiosis & Mitosis

19
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Involves reproduction
  • Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete
  • Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23
  • Fertilization
  • Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes
20
Q

Mitosis

A

• Involves growth and maintenance of cells<br></br>
<ins>Cell division</ins>
• Division of the nucleus
• Division of the cytoplasm

21
Q

Mitosis Stages

A 
<ins>Phase I</ins>
• Interphase (resting stage)
<ins>Phase II</ins>
• Prophase
<ins>Phase III</ins>
• Metaphase
<ins>Phase IV</ins>
• Anaphase
<ins>Phase V</ins>
• Telophase
<ins>Cycle back to interphase</ins>
22
Q

Cell Death

A
  • Necrosis

* Apoptosis

23
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Adult stem cells
  • Umbilical cord blood stem cells
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells
24
Q

Protein Synthesis

A
  • Cells produce proteins
  • DNA
  • RNA
25
Q

Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes

A
  • Passive transport

* Active transport

26
Q

Passive transport

A
  • Does not require an energy source
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
27
Q

Active transport

A
  • Requires an energy source
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
28
Q

Specialization

A
  • Nerve cells
  • Red blood cells
  • May lose some functions, such as reproduction
  • Interdependence among cells
29
Q

Nerve Cells (Specialization)

A

• Specialize in response

30
Q

Red Blood Cells (Specialization)

A

• Specialize in oxygen transport

31
Q

Aging

A
  • Aging is a phase of normal development
  • Older person may have 30% fewer cells
  • Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks
  • Physiologic changes are universal & progressive
  • Aging is not a disease
32
Q

Disorders of Cell Structure

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
33
Q

Tumor

A
  • When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern
  • Also called neoplasms
  • Benign tumors
  • Malignant tumors
34
Q

Necrosis

A
  • The unprogrammed death of cells and living tissue
  • Cells that die from necrosis may release harmful chemicals that damage other cells
<ins>◊ Causes:</ins>
 • Injury
 • Infection
 • Cancer
 • Infarction (blood clot)
 • Toxins
 • Inflammation
35
Q

Apoptosis

A

• An orderly process by which cells intentionally die

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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