Chapter 2 - Chemistry Of Living Things Flashcards
Atom
- Smallest pierce of an element.
* Electrically neutral.
Subatomic particles
- Protons
- Neurons
- Electrons
Ionic Bond
One atom gives up an electron to another atom
Covalent Bond
The atoms share electrons
Hydrogen Bond
- helps hold water molecules together
- weak bonds
Electrolytes
- Electronically charged particles that help determine fluid and acid-base balance.
- Can conduct an electrical charge.
- Make it possible for materials to be broken down, altered and recombined to form new substances or compounds.
Inorganic Compounds
- Normally do not contain carbon.
- Water is 55% - 65% of their weight.
- Universal solvent.
Organic Compounds
- Found in living things
- Always has carbon
- 4 main groups are:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
Carbohydrates (CHO)
• Elements
- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Monosaccharides
- simple sugars, e.g., glucose
• Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharide molecules, e.g., sucrose
• Polysaccharides
- complex molecules e.g., starch
Lipids
• Elements
- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, contain much less oxygen than CHO
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Proteins
• Elements
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; and often, phosphorus and sulfur.
- Most diverse and essential organic Compounds
- Found in ever living part of a living cell
• Amino acids
- Essential and non-essential
Enzymes
- Specialized protein molecules
- Found in all living cells
- Help control chemical reactions
- Provide energy for cellular functions
- Organic catalysts
- Highly specific in their actions
Nucleic Acids
- Organic compounds containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Structure of nucleic acid
- Largest known organic molecules
- Made up o smaller subunits called nucleotides
• DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA
- Ribonucleic Acid
Acids
• Sour taste
• When dissolved in water, will ionize into positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) and negatively charged ions of some other element or more simply…
- yields hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
• Litmus paper testing
Bases
- Bitter taste
- Also called alkali
- When dissolved in water, will ionize into negatively charged Hydroxide (OH-) and positively charged ions of metal
- Litmus paper testing
Neutralization and Salts
• Neutralization
- Exchange reaction
- Acid + base = salt + water
- HCL + NaOH = NaCL + H2O
pH Scale
- Measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity)
- ranges from 0 to 14
- pH of 7.0 = neutral
- pH 0 - 6.9 = acid
- pH 7.1 - 14 = alkaline (basic)
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis essential for living cells to function optimally
- Maintenance of a balanced pH
- Through called a buffer (NaHCO3)
- pH of blood is 7.35 - 7.45
• Intracellular and extracellular fluids
Hypotonic Solution
Pure distilled water for red blood cells
Osmosis
Movement of fluid across a membrane
Selectively Permeable Membrane
Only allows specific materials to enter and exit cells
Acid
Dissociates in water
Carbon
Element found in all living matter
Atoms
Smallest particles of an element
Compound
Combination of atoms of two or more elements
pH
Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
Covalent Bond
Atoms share electrons in outermost shells
Water
Most abundant substance in cells
Diffusion
Molecules move through a medium from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Ionic Bond
One atom gains electrons; The other atom loses them
Carbon dioxide
• Substance that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration and must be illuminated quickly from the body through expiration
A pH change of 1 means a change in the concentration of hydrogen ions of:
10-fold
Elements or molecules furnishing electrons during a reaction are called:
Electron Donors
The branch of chemistry that studies the nature of the carbon atom and its chemical reactions is:
Organic chemistry
The transportation of materials against a concentration gradient or in opposition to other factors that would normally keep the material from entering the cell is known as:
Active transport
The science that studies elements, their compounds, the chemical reactions that occur between elements and compounds, and the molecular structure of all matter is known as:
Chemistry
The mineral salt necessary to produce the high-energy molecule ATP is:
Phosphate
Nucleotides are composed of:
5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
