Chapter 2 - Chemistry Of Living Things

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

• Smallest pierce of an element.

* Electrically neutral.

Question 2

Subatomic particles

Answer 2

• Protons
• Neurons
• Electrons

Question 3

Ionic Bond

Answer 3

One atom gives up an electron to another atom

Question 4

Covalent Bond

Answer 4

The atoms share electrons

Question 5

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 5

• helps hold water molecules together

- weak bonds

Question 6

Electrolytes

Answer 6

• Electronically charged particles that help determine fluid and acid-base balance.
• Can conduct an electrical charge.
• Make it possible for materials to be broken down, altered and recombined to form new substances or compounds.

Question 7

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 7

• Normally do not contain carbon.
• Water is 55% - 65% of their weight.
• Universal solvent.

Question 8

Organic Compounds

Answer 8

• Found in living things
• Always has carbon
• 4 main groups are:
  
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids

Question 9

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Answer 9

• Elements
- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Monosaccharides
- simple sugars, e.g., glucose

• Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharide molecules, e.g., sucrose

• Polysaccharides
- complex molecules e.g., starch

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

• Elements
- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, contain much less oxygen than CHO

• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

Question 11

Proteins

Answer 11

• Elements
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; and often, phosphorus and sulfur.

• Most diverse and essential organic Compounds
• Found in ever living part of a living cell

• Amino acids
- Essential and non-essential

Question 12

Enzymes

Answer 12

• Specialized protein molecules
• Found in all living cells
• Help control chemical reactions
• Provide energy for cellular functions
• Organic catalysts
• Highly specific in their actions

Question 13

Nucleic Acids

Answer 13

• Organic compounds containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
• Structure of nucleic acid
• Largest known organic molecules
• Made up o smaller subunits called nucleotides

• DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• RNA
- Ribonucleic Acid

Question 14

Acids

Answer 14

• Sour taste

• When dissolved in water, will ionize into positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) and negatively charged ions of some other element or more simply…
- yields hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

• Litmus paper testing

Question 15

Bases

Answer 15

• Bitter taste
• Also called alkali
• When dissolved in water, will ionize into negatively charged Hydroxide (OH-) and positively charged ions of metal
• Litmus paper testing

Question 16

Neutralization and Salts

Answer 16

• Neutralization
- Exchange reaction

• Acid + base = salt + water
• HCL + NaOH = NaCL + H2O

Question 17

pH Scale

Answer 17

• Measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity)
• ranges from 0 to 14
• pH of 7.0 = neutral
• pH 0 - 6.9 = acid
• pH 7.1 - 14 = alkaline (basic)

Question 18

Homeostasis

Answer 18

• Homeostasis essential for living cells to function optimally
• Maintenance of a balanced pH
• Through called a buffer (NaHCO3)
• pH of blood is 7.35 - 7.45

• Intracellular and extracellular fluids

Question 19

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 19

Pure distilled water for red blood cells

Question 20

Osmosis

Answer 20

Movement of fluid across a membrane

Question 21

Selectively Permeable Membrane

Answer 21

Only allows specific materials to enter and exit cells

Question 22

Acid

Answer 22

Dissociates in water

Question 23

Carbon

Answer 23

Element found in all living matter

Question 24

Atoms

Answer 24

Smallest particles of an element

Question 25

Compound

Answer 25

Combination of atoms of two or more elements

Question 26

pH

Answer 26

Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

Question 27

Covalent Bond

Answer 27

Atoms share electrons in outermost shells

Question 28

Water

Answer 28

Most abundant substance in cells

Question 29

Diffusion

Answer 29

Molecules move through a medium from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 30

Ionic Bond

Answer 30

One atom gains electrons; The other atom loses them

Question 31

Carbon dioxide

Answer 31

• Substance that is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration and must be illuminated quickly from the body through expiration

Question 32

A pH change of 1 means a change in the concentration of hydrogen ions of:

Answer 32

10-fold

Question 33

Elements or molecules furnishing electrons during a reaction are called:

Answer 33

Electron Donors

Question 34

The branch of chemistry that studies the nature of the carbon atom and its chemical reactions is:

Answer 34

Organic chemistry

Question 35

The transportation of materials against a concentration gradient or in opposition to other factors that would normally keep the material from entering the cell is known as:

Answer 35

Active transport

Question 36

The science that studies elements, their compounds, the chemical reactions that occur between elements and compounds, and the molecular structure of all matter is known as:

Answer 36

Chemistry

Question 37

The mineral salt necessary to produce the high-energy molecule ATP is:

Answer 37

Phosphate

Question 38

Nucleotides are composed of:

Answer 38

5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.