Chapter 4: The Self

Question 1

What is self promotion

Answer 1

Attempting to present ourselves to others as having

positive attributes.

Question 2

What is the self verification perspective

Answer 2

Theory that addresses the processes by
which we lead others to agree with our views of ourselves; wanting
others to agree with how we see ourselves

Question 3

What is ingratiation

Answer 3

When we try to make others like us by conveying that

we like them; praising others to flatter them

Question 4

What does it mean to self deprecate

Answer 4

Putting ourselves down or implying that we are

not as good as someone else

Question 5

What is introspection

Answer 5

To privately contemplate “who we are.” It is a method

for attempting to gain self-knowledge

Question 6

What is the social identity theory

Answer 6

Addresses the consequences of perceiving
ourselves as a member of a social group and identifying with it; predicts how we respond when our group identity is salient. Suggests
that we will move closer to positive others with whom we share an
identity but distance from other ingroup members who perform
poorly or otherwise make our social identity negative

Question 7

What is the personal versus social identity continuum

Answer 7

the personal level,
the self is thought of as a unique individual, whereas at the social
identity level, the self is seen as a member of a group

Question 8

What is salience

Answer 8

When someone or some object stands out from its background or is the focus of attention.

Question 9

What are intragroup comparisons

Answer 9

Judgments that result from comparisons

between individuals who are members of the same group

Question 10

What is intergroup comparison

Answer 10

Judgments that result from comparisons

between our group and another group

Question 11

Define self constual

Answer 11

How we characterize ourselves, which can vary depending on what identity is salient at any given moment

Question 12

State what is autobiographical memory

Answer 12

Concerns memory of ourselves in the

past, sometimes over the life course as a whole

Question 13

What are possible selves

Answer 13

Image of how we might be in the future—either a
“dreaded” potential to be avoided or “desired” potential that can be
strived for

Question 14

What are role models

Answer 14

They are other people we wish to imitate or be like than can inspire us to invest in long term achievements.

Question 15

What is self control

Answer 15

Achieved by refraining from actions, we like and

instead performing actions we prefer not to do as a means of achieving a long-term goal

Question 16

Define ego depletion

Answer 16

The lowered capacity to exert subsequent self-control
following earlier efforts to exert self-control. Performance decrements occur when people’s ego strength has been depleted by prior
efforts at self-control

Question 17

What is downward social comparison

Answer 17

A comparison of the self to another

who does less well than or is inferior to us

Question 18

What is upward social comparison

Answer 18

A comparison of the self to another who

does better than or is superior to us.

Question 19

State what the social comparison theory is

Answer 19

Festinger (1954) suggested that people
compare themselves to others because for many domains and attributes there is no objective yardstick to evaluate ourselves against, and
other people are therefore highly informative

Question 20

What is the self evaluation maintenance model

Answer 20

This perspective suggests that
to maintain a positive view of ourselves, we distance ourselves from
others who perform better than we do on valued dimensions and
move closer to others who perform worse than us. This view suggests that doing so will protect our self-esteem

Question 21

Define the social identity theory

Answer 21

Addresses the consequences of perceiving
ourselves as a member of a social group and identifying with it; predicts how we respond when our group identity is salient. Suggests
that we will move closer to positive others with whom we share an
identity but distance from other ingroup members who perform
poorly or otherwise make our social identity negative

Question 22

Explain the above average effect

Answer 22

The tendency for people to rate themselves as

above the average on most positive social attributes

Question 23

How would you define self esteem

Answer 23

The degree to which we perceive ourselves positively or

negatively; our overall attitude toward ourselves. It can be measured explicitly or implicitly

Question 24

Define implicit self esteem

Answer 24

Feelings about the self of which we are not

consciously aware.

Question 25

As one way to improve wellbeing of those who migrate state what is meant by social support

Answer 25

Drawing on the emotional and task resources provided by others as a means of coping with stress.