Chapter 4: The Presence of Others as a Motivator

Question 1

they two types of others

Answer 1

1. sectators or audience

2. coactors- others doing the same task

Question 2

The Social Facilitation Theory (Zajon, 1965) states that:

Answer 2

the mere presence of others serves to increase arousal levels and can cause a response to occur faster or merely more intensly

Question 3

what are the three main ideas of the social facitiation theory?

Answer 3

1. increased arousal will increase the likelihood that an individual’s dominatant response will occure
2. in simple well learned skills correct response and improved performance with occur in the presence of others
3. in complex or newly learned skills, our dominant response or incorrect habits tend to occur, we tend to refer back to old habirs

Question 4

in the early stages of learnig a new skill the presence of others:

Answer 4

is disruptive

Question 5

when we have increased our skill level the presence of others:

Answer 5

does have as great of effect on us as it did before

Question 6

when we become very acomplished at a skill the presence of others:

Answer 6

can be benificial, more motivated and psyced up to perform

Question 7

the Evaluation Apprehesion Theory (Cottrel, 1972) states that:

Answer 7

it’s not just the presence of others that causes arousal. rather, it is that those present will judge or evaluate the quality of the perforamce that increases arousal and influences the perforamce.

Question 8

what are the characteristics of the evaluation apprehension theory?

Answer 8

• if i believe the audience can judge my performance my arousal goes up
• we tend to associate others with praise or blame, pumishment or reward
• the audience can have an arousaing or calming effect and produce variations in performance
• the size of the auidence is not as important as the size within the situation.

Question 9

Tht Cognative Appraoch (Borden, 1980) states that:

Answer 9

the performer is proactive partispant who, interprets social situations (through perception and expectations), predicts possible audience reactions, alters behaviour to aprasal of this reaction

Question 10

what factors influence the individuals ability to interpret social situations

Answer 10

• the level of expertise that you interpret the crowd to have
• the amount of social support you believe the crowd has for you

Question 11

the results of Varca’s (1980) study of home field advantage

Answer 11

• he found that there was an advantage to playing at home
• at home there was more funtional aggression- rebounds, blocks, steals
• aways there was more disfuntional agression- fouls and turnovers

Question 12

the results of Bauumeister’s (1984) study of home field advantage

Answer 12

• espicially during playoffs, the away team played just as well or better
• the away team had less stress, if they lost it was expected, where the home team is anxious to perfom well for the home crowd and worried about home they will react

Question 13

expain the idea of training with stress and anxiety specificity

Answer 13

• simulate the higher stress situations within a game

- ie. 10seconds left on the clock, down by 2 points in bb

Question 14

explain how perfect practice makes perfect

Answer 14

• over learn skils so you dont need to think
• train by simulating the audience: shooting crowd during foul shots
• pair rookies with vets: they have been there before

Question 15

what should you educate athletes about in terms of preparing for the stess and anxiety of a game

Answer 15

• the common phyiological effects
• how audiences can effect performance
• how stress and anxiety can effect performance

Question 16

when learning a new skills it is important to:

Answer 16

have closed practices to learn without added pressure