Chapter 4 - The Atmosphere

Question 1

What is Boyles Law?

Answer 1

As Volume increases Px goes down

Associated with Baro-truma

Question 2

What is Charles Law?

Answer 2

As Temp increases so does Volume

Question 3

What is Gay-Lussac Law?

Answer 3

As Temp increases so does Px

Question 4

What do Boyles, Charles and Gay-Lussac give?

Answer 4

Combined Law which can be expressed;

PV/T = K

Question 5

What is Daltons Law and associated effect?

Answer 5

Partial Px add up to P total

Hypoxia

Question 6

What is Henry’s law and associated effect?

Answer 6

Amount of gas in liquid is proportional to the amount of Px

Decompression Sickness

Question 7

What is Flicks Law and associated

Answer 7

Diffusion

effects the oxygen co2 exchange in the lungs

Question 8

Give the two Humidity terms and their meaning

Answer 8

Absolute - the weight of water vapour in a volume g/kg at a given temperature
Relative - Expressed as a % amount of water vapour compared to the max it can hold

Question 9

What are the Total Px heights for 25,50,75 and MSL

Answer 9

1 - 760 0 feet
75 - 543 8,000 feet
50 - 380 18,000 feet
75 - 187 36,000 feet

Question 10

What happens at 10,000 feet in the lungs

Answer 10

The partial pressure drops to 50% at 55mmg2

Question 11

If the Partial Px drops what else drops?

Answer 11

Haemoglobin saturation;
0 feet - 97.5%
FL10 - 87%
FL 20 - falls to 65%

Question 12

What does the nose do for the breathing system?

Answer 12

Warms, moistens and filters to aid breathing

Question 13

What does the diffusion around the Alveoli?

Answer 13

Capillaries

Question 14

External Respiration in Lungs contains what?

Answer 14

Co2 and WV average 16 breaths/min

Question 15

Internal Respiration in cells convert what and overall name?

Answer 15

Oxygen, glucose and other nutrients into energy = metabolisation

Question 16

What are the waste products of metabolisation and what does it control

Answer 16

Co2 and water = Carbonic Acid which controls our breathing internally

Question 17

What is tidal volume and figure

Answer 17

A normal breath 500ml

Question 18

What is Inspiratory reserve and figure

Answer 18

Max breath IN 3100ml

Question 19

What is Expiratory reserve and figure

Answer 19

Max breath OUT 1200ml

Question 20

What is residual volume and figure

Answer 20

the remaining volume in the lungs with no air present - 1200ml

Question 21

What is the total lung capacity and vital?

Answer 21

6000ml

Vital = tidal + In + Ex

Question 22

Hypoxia give two types

Answer 22

Anaemic Hypoxia - In ability of the blood to carry 02

Hypoxic Hypoxia - Shortage of 02 to the body

Question 23

Hypoxic Hypoxia Symptoms

Answer 23

Headaches, breathing & HR increase, Vision impaired, go pale, mood swings. Night vision really effected.

Symptoms different to Decompression are
Euforia
Cyanosis (Blue lips etc)

Question 24

Actions if Symptoms are seen

Answer 24

Put on 100% Oxygen and descend

Question 25

x3 Thresholds for Hypoxia are with effects

Answer 25

Reaction: Ground - FL70 = Night vision effected
Disturbance: FL70 - FL12 = Unable to maintain Homeostasis
Critical: FL12 - FL22 = Loss of consciousness

Question 26

Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) Heights and Times

Answer 26

20,000 feet - 30 mins   5 mins if more active
30,000 feet - 1-2 mins
35,000 feet - 30-90 seconds
40,000 feet - 15-20 seconds
Reduces by 50% if a smoker

Question 27

Effective Performance Time (EPT) how does it compare to TUC? Especially 40,000 feet

Answer 27

Equal to or less than. 4-5 seconds

Question 28

Hyperventilation?

Answer 28

Faster breath causes over saturation of 02 in blood. Blood becomes too Alkaline because of reduced Co2.
Causes - Stress, Shock, fear
Symptoms similar to Hypoxia

Question 29

If below 14000 what should you treat for

Answer 29

Hypoxia

Question 30

What is Decompression Sickness?

Answer 30

Px on the cells goes away allowing nitrogen bubbles to release

Question 31

Give x4 Symptoms of Decompression sickness

Answer 31

Bends - Bubbles under joints
Creeps - Bubbles under the skin
Chokes - Bubbles in the lungs
Stagers - Bubbles in the brain

Question 32

Limits for scuba diving and flying

Answer 32

minimum of 12 hours after

24 hours if over 30 feet dived