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summer a&p lec > chapter 4 (technically 2) > Flashcards

chapter 4 (technically 2) Flashcards

1
Q

define energy

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

describe three categories for work that require energy

A
  1. chemical work - making and breaking of chemical bond
  2. transport work - movement cross the cell membrane
  3. mechanical work - used for movement
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3
Q

explain the first law of thermodynamics and how it applies to the body

A

law of conservation energy;
- total amount of energy in the universe is constant
- universe is a closed system
- energy can be covered but never created or destroyed
- tuna body is an open system: gain and lose energy (we use it and gain it back)

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4
Q

explain the second law of thermodynamics and how it applies to the human body

A

natural, spontaneous processes move from a state of higher order to lower order. Or randomness

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5
Q

define free energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds (larger molecule=larger free energy)

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6
Q

define activation energy

A

energy/push needed to start a reaction

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7
Q

define endergonic and exergonic reactions

A

Endergonic: free energy of products is higher than free energy of reactants. stores energy. more activation energy. complex molecules are built
(synthesis reaction)
Exergonic: free energy of products is lower than free energy of reactants. release energy. less activation energy. utilize release of energy to do work

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8
Q

apply free and activation energy to reversible and irreversible reactions

A

need activation energy to trigger/start the reaction process

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9
Q

what are enzymes

A

protein based substance produced by living organisms that act as catalysts to create specific biochemical reactions. (speed up chemical reactions)

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10
Q

how do enzymes facilitate biological reactions

A

lower activation energy and speed up reaction rates by acting on substrates

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11
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
- ex. extracting energy from nutrient biomolecules and breaking down molecules

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12
Q

define anabolic reaction

A

set of metabolic reactions that synthesize molecules from smaller units
ex. muscle protein synthesis from into acids

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13
Q

define catabolic reaction

A

metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into small units
ex. glycolysis (break down of glucose to produce ATP)

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14
Q

list 5 ways cells control the flow of molecules through metabolic pathways

A
  1. control enzyme concentrations
  2. produce modulators that change reaction rates
  3. using two different enzymes to catalyze reversible reactions
  4. compartmentalize enzymes within intracellular organelles
  5. maintain optimal ratio of ATP to ADP
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15
Q

explain ATP’s role in biological energy transfer and storage

A

the energy currency of the cell.
- phosphate bonds are potential energy, when broken they provide energy for work

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16
Q

explain ADP’s role in biological energy transfer and storage

A

converts into ATP, one extra phosphate id bonded for energy

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17
Q

explain FADH2’s role in biological energy transfer and storage

A
  • one of the end products of the CAC
  • electron donor transfers it’s energy to ATP
  • key for aerobic respiration
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18
Q

explain NADH’s role in biological energy transfer and storage

A
  • key for aerobic respiration
  • product of glycolysis, and CAC
  • also used in glycolysis to produce NAD
  • electron donor, transfers it’s energy to ATP
19
Q

compare the energy yield of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of glucose

A

Aerobic: 30-32 ATP
Anaerobic: 2 ATP

20
Q

explain how to electron transport chain creates the high energy bond of ATP

A

energy of electrons (chemical energy) from NADH and FADH2 is converted to be used for ATP

21
Q

define entropy

A

moving from a state of order to disorder

22
Q

define substrate

A

reactants that enzymes act on

23
Q

how are enzyme reaction rates measured

A

how fast the reactants disappear or how fast products appear

24
Q

what are the three ways enzymatic reaction rates can be modified

A
  1. environment conditions (temp and pH)
  2. amount of enzymes
  3. substrate concentrations
25
Q

what are the four enzymatic reactions

A
  1. oxidation - reduction
  2. hydrolysis - dehydration
  3. addition-subtraction-exchange
  4. ligation
26
Q

what two forms does energy come in

A
  1. Kinetic - energy in motion
  2. Potential - stored energy
27
Q

give an example of kinetic and potential energy

A
  • Kinetic: molecules moving across cell membrane
  • Potential: chemical bonds
28
Q

what do living organisms have to extract from he environment to survive

A

energy

29
Q

define bioenergetics

A

study of the energy flow through biological systems (cells, organisms, ecosystems)

30
Q

when is energy transferred

A

during chemical reactions (breaking ir making chemical bonds)

31
Q

what’s the two main purpose of a reaction

A
  • to transfer energy from one molecule to another
  • to use potential energy for work
32
Q

what do NADH, FADH2 and NADPH have in common

A

they are coenzymes that capture energy for later use (needed for aerobic respiration)

33
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

metabolism of glucose

34
Q

what are the three ways enzymes can be altered

A
  • activated
  • inactivated
  • modulated
35
Q

explain the activation of enzymes

A

produced as inactive enzymes : proenzyme or zymogens, then activated through proteolysis needing coenzymes/cofactors

36
Q

explain inactivation of enzymes

A

through chemicals, change in temperature and pH
- inhibitor block slogans binding site

37
Q

describe oxidation reduction

A

transfer of electrons between molecules
- OIL (oxidation is loss of electrons)
- RIG (reduction is gain of electrons)

38
Q

describe hydrolysis- dehydration

A
  • dehydration: reactants loss water
  • hydrolysis: addition of water changes substrates
39
Q

describe addition-subtraction-exchange

A
  • addition: adds functions groups to substrates
  • subtraction: removes function group form substrates
  • exchange: transfers function group between substrates. IMPORTANT biological reaction
40
Q

define ligation reaction

A

joint two molecules using energy from ATP

41
Q

define lipogenesis

A

process of making lipids from non lipid sources

42
Q

what are lipids

A

fat cells
- primary fuel storage for body
- excess energy gets stored as fat

43
Q

define lipolysis

A

breaking down triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids for energy sources

44
Q
A

summer a&p lec (9 decks)

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