chapter 1 - intro to physiology Flashcards
define physiology
the study of the normal functioning of an organism and its component prats, including all chemical and physical processes
list the levels of organization from atoms to molecules
- atoms
- molecules
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
- organisms
- populations of species
- ecosystems of different species
- biosphere
name the 10 organ systems
- circulatory
- digestive
- endocrine
- immune
- integumentary
- musculoskeletal
- nervous
- reproductive
- respiratory
- urinary
define the circulatory system
includes: heart, blood vessels and blood
function: transport of materials between all cells of the body
what are the four major themes in physiology
- structure / function from molecules to organisms
- living organisms need energy (energy transfer)
- information flow coordinates body function
- homeostasis maintains internal stability
explain structure / function from molecules to organisms
-extends across all levels of organization.
- small interactions can influence an entire organism (molecular) (ex. sickle cell or CF)
- large interactions make for division of space and allow for specialization (organism)
explain living organisms need energy
- life requires energy, can not do anything without it
(ex. growth reproduction, movement, etc.)
explain information flow coordinates body function
- Within cell: DNA replication and protein translation
- Between cells: cell to cell communication
- Chemical communication: hormones. act as messengers
- electrical communication: neurons control muscle movement
define homeostasis
the ability to maintain a relative stable internal environment despite internal and external challenges
what happens when homeostasis fails.
disease, illness or pathological conditions
name and describe the two major compartments of the human body
- thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
what is the law of mass balance
a method for maintaining homeostasis in some body processes
how does mass balance apply to the bodies load of a substance
output = input
- when something is inputed into body such as water or food the body will output it through excretion (urine, fece, lungs or skin) or conversion (into another substance via metabolism)
what is the difference between equilibrium and steady state
equilibrium, everything is essentially perfect. steady state things are being put in and out to maintain steady environment
what are the two types of control systems
- simple control system (local)
- complex control system (reflex)
define a simple control system
local control
- relys on monitoring a variable
ex. decrease in oxygen in blood vessels -> chemical release -> blood vessel dilation
define a complex control system
reflex control
- involves the nervous an endocrine system
- uses long distance with response and feedback loop
ex. maintaining blood pressure
what are the seven components of complex control system
- stimulus
- sensor
- input signal
- integrating center
- output signal
- target
- response
define negative feedback with an example
response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop
- decrease or remove stimulus
- homeostatic
ex. fishtank
define positive feedback with an example
The response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the set point
- reinforces the stimulus
- not homeostatic
ex. childbirth
define feedfoward control with an example
allows body to anticipate change
ex. salivation reflex for sour foods
is physiology an integrative science
yes
(chemistry, molecular biology, cellular biology, physiology and ecology)
define the digestive system
INCLUDES: stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas
FUNCTION: conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body and elimination of waste
define the endocrine system
INCLUDES: Pituatary, thyroid and adrenal gland
FUNCTION: coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules (horomones)
define the immune system
INCLUDES: thymus, spleen and lymph nodes
FUNCTION: defense against foreign invaders
define integumentary system
INCLUDES: skin
FUNCTION: protection from external environment
define the musculoskeletal system
INCLUDES: skeletal muscles, and bones
FUNCTION: support and movement
define the nervous system
INCLUDES: brain and spinal cord
FUNCTION: coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
define the reproductive system
INCLUDES: ovaries, testes and uterus
FUNCTION: perpetuation of the species
define the respiratory system
INCLUDES: lungs and airways
FUNCTION: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
define the urinary system
INCLUDES: kidneys and bladder
FUNCTION: maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment and waste removal
