Chapter 4 Sociological Positivism Flashcards

1
Q

A culture within a culture. The concept implies some degree of group self-sufficiency where individuals can interact, find employment, recreation and friends within the group.

A

Subculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The patterned and relatively stable arrangement of roles and statuses found within societies and social institutions. They are inseparable from culture norms and values that also help shape status and social interaction

A

Social structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Refers to a commonly agreed upon position, conclusion, or set of values and is normally used in reference to public opinion.

A

Consensus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An absence, breakdown, confusion or conflict in terms of the norms of society

A
Anomie 
- must have lower classes wanting the same values as the middle class because of blockage to achieve results in Merton's Strain Theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An approach that emphasizes the characteristics of population groups and the mapped locations of such groups relative to one another; views of the social disorganization and characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of crime and victimization.

A

Ecological model ALSO known as the Chicago School.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The theory that crime and other deviant behaviour is most likely to occur where social institutions are not able to direct and control groups of individuals.

A

Social Disorganization Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zones that are characterized by the frequent changed in population composition and high levels of social disorganization. These zones are typically located in inner cities

A

TRANSITION ZONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Concentric Zone Model is made up of what zones?

A
  1. Central business District
  2. Transitional Zone
    • Recent immigrant groups
    • Factories
    • Abandoned buildings
    • New condos
  3. Working-class Zone
    • Single family tenements
  4. Residential Zone
    • Single family homes
    • yards/garages
  5. Commuter Zones
    • Suburbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

An approach to theorizing that attempts to link the structure and organization of any human community interactions to interactions with its localized environment

A

Social Ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

An emerging perspective that focuses on the importance of geological location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of criminal victimization

A

Environmental criminology theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The concept that emerged from environmental criminology that suggest public space should and can be designed to create a sense of ownership in residents and users, This philosophy believes in the type of design can make space easier to defend from potential criminal activity

A

Defensible Space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A theory that claims occurrences of personal victimization are dependent on the routine of daily activities of people and are the outcome of these three elements:

  1. motivational offenders
  2. suitable targets
  3. the absence of suitable guardians
A

Routine Activities Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Refers to the state of interdependecy created by the specialization of roles. Individuals and institutions become dependent on others in a complex division of labour

A

Organic Solidarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Merton’s Strain Theory of the “American Dream” of wealth status and success consists of: (5)

A
  1. Conformism (+/+)
  2. Innovation (+/-)
  3. Ritualism (-/+)
  4. Retreatism (-/-)
  5. Rebellion (+/+)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Those who violate social control are driven by biological dives (utilitarian calculus) and therefore are not contained by social control. Merton argues that some social structures exert definite pressure upon some individuals to engage in nonconformist rather than conformist acts

A

Strain Theory

  • American Dream
  • not everyone has the institutional means to achieve these cultural goals legitimately, turn to illegitimate means to achieve their goals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was Emile Durkheim

A

A functionalist who believed that crime in necessary for a society to thrive- Durkheim said that “each society requires its quota of deviants”

17
Q

What is Durkheim’s theory?

A

Analysis of social structure

18
Q

Smaller societies therefore similar lifestyles (farmers, small communities)

A

Mechanical Solidarity

19
Q

Other people supply the community and are independent (Halifax)

A

Organic Solidarity

20
Q

A pathway over an individuals lifespan which includes work, career, and family pathways, represent long term patterns of behaviours, but are subject to changes in condition and future options

A

Trajectory (life course of criminology)

21
Q

Evolve over a shorter time span and are entrenched in trajectories. “they are changes in state that are more or less abrupt

A

Transitions (life course of criminology)

22
Q

Crime is an evolving process that cannot be fully explained by either individual or environmental factors

A

Life Course Criminology

23
Q

Sampson and Laubs Age-graded theory is an example of?

A

Life course criminology

24
Q

Utilize a delinquent maturation approach, social structure (ex. poverty) and social control processes (ex. Family and peer deviance ) interact with individual differences (temperament, learning difficulties) to create delinquent behaviours

A

Age- Graded Theory

  • hollisic view
  • obtaining work, school, success, marriage enables you to become an adult non-delinquent
  • stable money, stable economy plays a role