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CSCS Shit > Chapter 4 shit > Flashcards

Chapter 4 shit Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

-a complex signaling system in the human body that affects changes and supports exercise demands and recovery
-The endocrine system uses chemical messengers known as hormones to signal responses from tissues in the body

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2
Q

What is an Anabolic hormone response?

A

This is a tissue building response

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3
Q

What is a Catabolic hormone response?

A

This is a tissue breakdown response

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4
Q

What is a permissive hormone response?

A

It allows processes to occur

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5
Q

What is General adaptation syndrome?

A

-Adrenal response to stimulus/stressor
-Begins with the alarm reaction in the body
-When stress is due to training the body adapts and increases its resistance to stressors

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6
Q

Where are hormones synthesized, stored, and released?

A

Endocrine glands which are specialized structures dedicated to this function

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7
Q

What happens to hormones once they are released by their endocrine gland?

A

They are released into the blood and are delivered to specific receptors on the surface or in the cytosol of the target tissue cells

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8
Q

Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?

A

The receptors are located on the cell surface

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9
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones?

A

The receptors are located in the cytosol of the cell

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10
Q

What are binding proteins?

A

-any protein that acts as an agent to bind two or more molecules together.
-prevent hormone degradation during transit and may also play a hormonal role in of themselves

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11
Q

What are the 12 endocrine glands?

A

-Anterior pituitary gland
-Posterior pituitary gland
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid glands
-Pancreas
-Adrenal cortex
-Liver
-Adrenal medulla
-Ovaries
-Testes
-Heart
-Kidney

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12
Q

What is muscle remodeling?

A

-process that occurs from training muscles
-Disruption and damage of muscle fibers
-Inflammatory response
involves immune cells such at T and B cells, influenced by endocrine system
-Degradation of damaged proteins
-Hormonal, growth factor, and cytokine interactions
-Synthesis of new proteins and incorporation into existing or new sarcomeres
-Contractile proteins - actin, myosin
-Structural proteins - titin, desmin

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13
Q

What are the physiological roles of anabolic hormones?

A

-Promote tissue building
-Insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), testosterone, and growth hormone
-Block negative effect of catabolic hormones that degrade cell proteins

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14
Q

What are the physiological roles of thyroid hormones?

A

Permissive hormones that allow other hormone actions to occur

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15
Q

What are the physiological roles of Catabolic hormones?

A

-Degrade cell proteins
-Cortisol, progesterone
-Cortisol can deactivate immune cells and block other signaling pathways

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16
Q

What provides the basis for hormones influencing hypertrophy?

A

Hormones, muscle fibers, and changes in muscle fiber capabilities provides the basis for the influence of hormones in hypertrophy

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17
Q

Describe lock and key theory?

A

-States that specific hormones react with specific receptors
-Actual hormone reactions are more complex
-Hormones can partially bind with other receptors but can fully bind with their own specific receptor

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18
Q

What is Cross-reactivity?

A

-Some hormones partially interact with other receptors
-Ex. allosteric binding where non-binding hormones can block a receptor’s primary binding site

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19
Q

What is allosteric binding?

A

-Non-hormone substances enhance or reduce response to primary hormone
-Some hormones may need to link together to produce optimal signals through the receptor like GH

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20
Q

How does downregulation occur and what is it?

A

-downregulation is when a hormone receptor will become less responsive or even non-responsive to the relevant hormone
-Occurs when adaptation is no longer possible (i.e. max protein has been added to muscle fiber)
-Occurs from overstimulation - i.e. insulin resistance
-Binding sensitivity can be increased or decreased and the number of receptors can also be altered - results in dramatic adaptations comparable to increased hormone release

21
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

-Hormones from adrenal cortex and gonads - cortisol, testosterone, estradiol
-Fat-soluble
-Passively diffuse across the cell membrane
-Bind with the receptor in the cell to form a hormone-receptor complex (H-RC)
-H-RC binds with other H-RCs and opens up nucleus to expose DNA
-Transcribes DNA that releases mRNA into sarcoplasm
-mRNA begins the process of producing the protein promoted by the steroid

22
Q

What are polypeptide hormones?

A

-Composed of amino acid chains
-Examples - growth hormone, insulin
-Cannot cross cell membrane - rely on secondary messengers inside the cell
-Signaling cascade from secondary messenger affects metabolic processes, DNA transcription, and mRNA translation initiation in the ribosome
-Regulated via negative feedback

23
Q

What are amine hormones?

A

-Synthesized from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan
-Tyrosine - epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
-Tryptophan - serotonin
-Bind to membrane receptors on cell surface
-Act through secondary messengers within cells

24
Q

How does heavy resistance training influence hormones?

A

-Long-term resistance training results in significant adaptive responses
-Increased anabolic hormone concentration
-Increased receptors
-Caused in part by increased recruitment of large motor units that stimulates
-Caused in part by increased recruitment of large motor units that stimulates receptors and sensitivity to anabolic factors
-Leads to muscle growth and strength gains

25
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Hormonal interactions?

A

-Increased hormone blood concentration
-Increases probability of interaction with receptors
increased/decreased receptor affinity to hormones
-Genetic predisposition determines the ultimate limit in muscle size growth
-Recovery mechanisms needed for anabolic processes to occur
-Exercise prescriptions will also determine the degree of catabolic effect or lack of anabolic effect
-Combination of mechanisms results in exercise-induced hypertrophy

26
Q

What are hormonal changes in peripheral blood?

A

-Increased hormone concentration in blood increases probably of receptor interaction
-Decreased hormone blood concentration may indicate increased hormone uptake by receptors
-Interpretation of hormone blood concentration very tricky
-Increased hormone concentration not a prerequisite for muscle growth
-Indicates increased activation of endocrine gland

27
Q

What are the ways that an endocrine system adapts?

A

-Changes in synthesis and storage of hormones
-Changes in the transport of hormones via binding proteins
-Change in the time needed for hormone clearance in liver and tissues
-Variation in the rate of hormone degradation
-Blood-to-tissue fluid shift with exercise stress
-Receptor affinity for hormone (uncommon training response)
-Number of receptors in tissue
-Change in content and size of secretory cells in gland
-Change in the magnitude of the signal sent to nucleus via the H-RC
-Change in the degree of interaction with the cell nucleus

28
Q

What is testosterone?

A

-Primary androgen that interacts with skeletal muscle tissue
-Produced in testes (male)
-Testosterone binding to receptor key to stimulating anabolic function
-Increase in testosterone alone not an absolute marker for anabolic function
-Resistance exercise may increase the number of receptors
-Promotes growth hormone release
-GH has synergistic effect with testosterone
-Interacts with neuron receptors, increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released and influencing structural protein changes
-Transported via binding protein in blood
-Binds to receptors inside cell and on cell surface

29
Q

How does intense aerobic exercise affect testosterone?

A

-Increases in free testosterone seen in men following intense aerobic endurance exercise and resistance training
-Aerobic exercise does not increase hypertrophy
-Testosterone may be released to avoid excessive muscle tissue breakdown

30
Q

How does resistance training influence testosterone?

A

It increases serum testosterone

31
Q

What is a protocol for increasing testosterone in men?

A

-Train large muscle groups - i.e. squat bench, dl, power cleans
-Use heavy resistance - at or above 85%
-Use moderate to high volume of exercise via multiple sets or exercises
-Shorter rest intervals - 30 seconds to 1 minute
-2 years or more of resistance training

32
Q

How does testosterone levels in women change after resistance training?

A

-Testosterone levels in women not as elevated, if at all, following resistance training
-Increase in testosterone sensitivity of the androgen receptors in muscle occur in women following resistance training
-Despite little change in testosterone concentration in blood, increased sensitivity to testosterone in women may drive adaptations in resistance training

33
Q

What is Growth Hormone?

A

-Important for both child development and adaptations to resistance training
-Produced in anterior pituitary gland
-Multiple variants of growth hormone exist
-Relationship unclear between different forms
-Full effects of GH not fully understood
-GH refers to superfamily of different molecular forms of growth hormone
-Many different target tissues including bone, immune cells, skeletal muscle, fat cells, and liver tissue

34
Q

What is the GH family responsible for?

A

-Decreased glucose utilization
-Decreased glycogen synthesis
-Increased amino acid transport across cell membrane
-Increased protein synthesis
-Increased utilization of fatty acids
-Increased lipolysis
-Increased availability of glucose and amino acids
-Increased collagen synthesis
-Stimulates cartilage growth
-Increase retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus
-Increased renal plasma flow and renal hypertrophy
-Enhances immune cell function

35
Q

What affects GH release?

A

-Age, sex, sleep, nutrition, alcohol, and exercise
-Resistance training protocol - shorter rest periods associated with higher serum GH
-Not clear how various forms of GH are individually affected by rest period

36
Q

How does GH in women differ from GH in men?

A

-Women have higher 22kDa GH than men
-Hormone concentrations vary throughout the menstrual cycle
-When workouts were compared, GH response between men and women were similar

37
Q

What are insulin-like growth factors?

A

-Polypeptide amino acid chains
-Produced in liver
Superfamily with multiple variations with different numbers of amino acids
-IGF 1 - 70 aminos
-IGF 2 - 67 aminos
-Regulated by GH, testosterone, thyroid hormone, and others
-Bind with binding proteins in blood
-At least 6 different binding proteins regulate availability of IGF-1
Mechanisms of IGF influenced by strength training factors
-Exercise stress
-Acute hormonal responses
-Need for bone, muscle, and nerve tissue remodeling at the cellular level
Crucial component of protein anabolism

38
Q

What strength training factors influence IGF?

A

-Exercise stress
-Acute hormonal responses
-Need for bone, muscle, and nerve tissue remodeling at the cellular level
-Crucial component of protein anabolism

39
Q

What is the IGF response to training?

A

-Acute increases of IGF after training depend on resting IGF levels
-Low levels pre-training are elevated post training
-Normal/High levels pre training are unchanged by training
-Increased total IGF-1 and reduced IGF binding protein 1 seen in women post-exercise
-Full implications not fully understood

40
Q

What hormone stimulates the adrenal gland to release hormones?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

41
Q

What are the 2 most important adrenal hormones related to s + c?

A

Cortisol and catecholamines

42
Q

What is Cortisol?

A

-Exerts catabolic effects by stimulating conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates
-Increases level of proteolytic enzymes - the enzymes that break down proteins
-Inhibits protein synthesis
-Suppresses glucose-dependent processes
-Produced in the adrenal cortex when stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone
-Anabolic effects of testosterone counter the catabolic effects of cortisol
-Relative binding of each hormone determines anabolic vs catabolic state
-Cortisol increases with resistance exercise
-Effect most dramatic when rest periods are short and work volume is high
-Cortisol’s catabolic effect in men may be reduced by adaptations during training
-Cortisol levels rise acutely from the same stimulus that increases GH
-Acute elevated cortisol levels may be part of remodeling process and are associated with high volume, large muscle groups, short rest period resistance training
-Chronic elevated cortisol levels have negative effect on tissue growth and are associated with overtraining
-Cortisol’s role in suppressing immune cells has direct effect on remodeling of muscle tissue and may be associated with immunosuppression following intense exercise

43
Q

What are Catecholamines?

A

-Primarily epinephrine but also include norepinephrine and dopamine
-Secreted by adrenal medulla and act as powerful central motor stimulators and peripheral vascular dilators
-Enhance enzyme systems and calcium release in muscle

44
Q

What are the role of Catecholamines?

A

-Increased force production via central mechanisms and metabolic enzyme activity
-Increased muscle contraction rate
-Increased blood pressure
-Increased energy availability
-Increased blood flow to muscles via vasodilation
-Augment secretion rates of testosterone and other hormones

45
Q

What are the training adaptations of Catecholamines?

A

-Heavy resistance training increases the ability to secrete epinephrine during maximal exercise
-Stimulation of catecholamines likely one of the first endocrine responses to resistance exercise

46
Q

What is a general principal for muscle remodeling?

A

More muscle fibers being recruited = greater potential remodeling.
Only the fibers being activated will be subject to adaptation

47
Q

How should you structure training to increase serum testosterone?

A

-Focus on large muscle groups
I.e. deadlift, squat, power clean
-Use heavy resistance
85%+ 1rm
-Use a moderate to high volume of exercises with multiple sets and exercises

48
Q

How should you structure training to increase GH?

A

-Use workouts with higher lactate concentrations
-High intensity
-High total work
-Short rest periods
-Supplement with carbs pre and post workout

49
Q

How should you structure training to optimize adrenal response?

A

-High volume, large muscle groups, short rest periods
-Vary training protocols and variables over time
-Provide days of complete rest
-Cycle in low-volume workouts to allow adrenal glands to recover and prevent chronic cortisol secretion

CSCS Shit (24 decks)

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