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Chapter 4 shit Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

-a complex signaling system in the human body that affects changes and supports exercise demands and recovery
-The endocrine system uses chemical messengers known as hormones to signal responses from tissues in the body

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2
Q

What is an Anabolic hormone response?

A

This is a tissue building response

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3
Q

What is a Catabolic hormone response?

A

This is a tissue breakdown response

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4
Q

What is a permissive hormone response?

A

It allows processes to occur

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5
Q

What is General adaptation syndrome?

A

-Adrenal response to stimulus/stressor
-Begins with the alarm reaction in the body
-When stress is due to training the body adapts and increases its resistance to stressors

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6
Q

Where are hormones synthesized, stored, and released?

A

Endocrine glands which are specialized structures dedicated to this function

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7
Q

What happens to hormones once they are released by their endocrine gland?

A

They are released into the blood and are delivered to specific receptors on the surface or in the cytosol of the target tissue cells

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8
Q

Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?

A

The receptors are located on the cell surface

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9
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones?

A

The receptors are located in the cytosol of the cell

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10
Q

What are binding proteins?

A

-any protein that acts as an agent to bind two or more molecules together.
-prevent hormone degradation during transit and may also play a hormonal role in of themselves

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11
Q

What are the 12 endocrine glands?

A

-Anterior pituitary gland
-Posterior pituitary gland
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid glands
-Pancreas
-Adrenal cortex
-Liver
-Adrenal medulla
-Ovaries
-Testes
-Heart
-Kidney

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12
Q

What is muscle remodeling?

A

-process that occurs from training muscles
-Disruption and damage of muscle fibers
-Inflammatory response
involves immune cells such at T and B cells, influenced by endocrine system
-Degradation of damaged proteins
-Hormonal, growth factor, and cytokine interactions
-Synthesis of new proteins and incorporation into existing or new sarcomeres
-Contractile proteins - actin, myosin
-Structural proteins - titin, desmin

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13
Q

What are the physiological roles of anabolic hormones?

A

-Promote tissue building
-Insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), testosterone, and growth hormone
-Block negative effect of catabolic hormones that degrade cell proteins

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14
Q

What are the physiological roles of thyroid hormones?

A

Permissive hormones that allow other hormone actions to occur

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15
Q

What are the physiological roles of Catabolic hormones?

A

-Degrade cell proteins
-Cortisol, progesterone
-Cortisol can deactivate immune cells and block other signaling pathways

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16
Q

What provides the basis for hormones influencing hypertrophy?

A

Hormones, muscle fibers, and changes in muscle fiber capabilities provides the basis for the influence of hormones in hypertrophy

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17
Q

Describe lock and key theory?

A

-States that specific hormones react with specific receptors
-Actual hormone reactions are more complex
-Hormones can partially bind with other receptors but can fully bind with their own specific receptor

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18
Q

What is Cross-reactivity?

A

-Some hormones partially interact with other receptors
-Ex. allosteric binding where non-binding hormones can block a receptor’s primary binding site

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19
Q

What is allosteric binding?

A

-Non-hormone substances enhance or reduce response to primary hormone
-Some hormones may need to link together to produce optimal signals through the receptor like GH

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20
Q

How does downregulation occur and what is it?

A

-downregulation is when a hormone receptor will become less responsive or even non-responsive to the relevant hormone
-Occurs when adaptation is no longer possible (i.e. max protein has been added to muscle fiber)
-Occurs from overstimulation - i.e. insulin resistance
-Binding sensitivity can be increased or decreased and the number of receptors can also be altered - results in dramatic adaptations comparable to increased hormone release

21
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

-Hormones from adrenal cortex and gonads - cortisol, testosterone, estradiol
-Fat-soluble
-Passively diffuse across the cell membrane
-Bind with the receptor in the cell to form a hormone-receptor complex (H-RC)
-H-RC binds with other H-RCs and opens up nucleus to expose DNA
-Transcribes DNA that releases mRNA into sarcoplasm
-mRNA begins the process of producing the protein promoted by the steroid

22
Q

What are polypeptide hormones?

A

-Composed of amino acid chains
-Examples - growth hormone, insulin
-Cannot cross cell membrane - rely on secondary messengers inside the cell
-Signaling cascade from secondary messenger affects metabolic processes, DNA transcription, and mRNA translation initiation in the ribosome
-Regulated via negative feedback

23
Q

What are amine hormones?

A

-Synthesized from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan
-Tyrosine - epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
-Tryptophan - serotonin
-Bind to membrane receptors on cell surface
-Act through secondary messengers within cells

24
Q

How does heavy resistance training influence hormones?

A

-Long-term resistance training results in significant adaptive responses
-Increased anabolic hormone concentration
-Increased receptors
-Caused in part by increased recruitment of large motor units that stimulates
-Caused in part by increased recruitment of large motor units that stimulates receptors and sensitivity to anabolic factors
-Leads to muscle growth and strength gains

25
What are the Mechanisms of Hormonal interactions?
-Increased hormone blood concentration -Increases probability of interaction with receptors increased/decreased receptor affinity to hormones -Genetic predisposition determines the ultimate limit in muscle size growth -Recovery mechanisms needed for anabolic processes to occur -Exercise prescriptions will also determine the degree of catabolic effect or lack of anabolic effect -Combination of mechanisms results in exercise-induced hypertrophy
26
What are hormonal changes in peripheral blood?
-Increased hormone concentration in blood increases probably of receptor interaction -Decreased hormone blood concentration may indicate increased hormone uptake by receptors -Interpretation of hormone blood concentration very tricky -Increased hormone concentration not a prerequisite for muscle growth -Indicates increased activation of endocrine gland
27
What are the ways that an endocrine system adapts?
-Changes in synthesis and storage of hormones -Changes in the transport of hormones via binding proteins -Change in the time needed for hormone clearance in liver and tissues -Variation in the rate of hormone degradation -Blood-to-tissue fluid shift with exercise stress -Receptor affinity for hormone (uncommon training response) -Number of receptors in tissue -Change in content and size of secretory cells in gland -Change in the magnitude of the signal sent to nucleus via the H-RC -Change in the degree of interaction with the cell nucleus
28
What is testosterone?
-Primary androgen that interacts with skeletal muscle tissue -Produced in testes (male) -Testosterone binding to receptor key to stimulating anabolic function -Increase in testosterone alone not an absolute marker for anabolic function -Resistance exercise may increase the number of receptors -Promotes growth hormone release -GH has synergistic effect with testosterone -Interacts with neuron receptors, increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released and influencing structural protein changes -Transported via binding protein in blood -Binds to receptors inside cell and on cell surface
29
How does intense aerobic exercise affect testosterone?
-Increases in free testosterone seen in men following intense aerobic endurance exercise and resistance training -Aerobic exercise does not increase hypertrophy -Testosterone may be released to avoid excessive muscle tissue breakdown
30
How does resistance training influence testosterone?
It increases serum testosterone
31
What is a protocol for increasing testosterone in men?
-Train large muscle groups - i.e. squat bench, dl, power cleans -Use heavy resistance - at or above 85% -Use moderate to high volume of exercise via multiple sets or exercises -Shorter rest intervals - 30 seconds to 1 minute -2 years or more of resistance training
32
How does testosterone levels in women change after resistance training?
-Testosterone levels in women not as elevated, if at all, following resistance training -Increase in testosterone sensitivity of the androgen receptors in muscle occur in women following resistance training -Despite little change in testosterone concentration in blood, increased sensitivity to testosterone in women may drive adaptations in resistance training
33
What is Growth Hormone?
-Important for both child development and adaptations to resistance training -Produced in anterior pituitary gland -Multiple variants of growth hormone exist -Relationship unclear between different forms -Full effects of GH not fully understood -GH refers to superfamily of different molecular forms of growth hormone -Many different target tissues including bone, immune cells, skeletal muscle, fat cells, and liver tissue
34
What is the GH family responsible for?
-Decreased glucose utilization -Decreased glycogen synthesis -Increased amino acid transport across cell membrane -Increased protein synthesis -Increased utilization of fatty acids -Increased lipolysis -Increased availability of glucose and amino acids -Increased collagen synthesis -Stimulates cartilage growth -Increase retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus -Increased renal plasma flow and renal hypertrophy -Enhances immune cell function
35
What affects GH release?
-Age, sex, sleep, nutrition, alcohol, and exercise -Resistance training protocol - shorter rest periods associated with higher serum GH -Not clear how various forms of GH are individually affected by rest period
36
How does GH in women differ from GH in men?
-Women have higher 22kDa GH than men -Hormone concentrations vary throughout the menstrual cycle -When workouts were compared, GH response between men and women were similar
37
What are insulin-like growth factors?
-Polypeptide amino acid chains -Produced in liver Superfamily with multiple variations with different numbers of amino acids -IGF 1 - 70 aminos -IGF 2 - 67 aminos -Regulated by GH, testosterone, thyroid hormone, and others -Bind with binding proteins in blood -At least 6 different binding proteins regulate availability of IGF-1 Mechanisms of IGF influenced by strength training factors -Exercise stress -Acute hormonal responses -Need for bone, muscle, and nerve tissue remodeling at the cellular level Crucial component of protein anabolism
38
What strength training factors influence IGF?
-Exercise stress -Acute hormonal responses -Need for bone, muscle, and nerve tissue remodeling at the cellular level -Crucial component of protein anabolism
39
What is the IGF response to training?
-Acute increases of IGF after training depend on resting IGF levels -Low levels pre-training are elevated post training -Normal/High levels pre training are unchanged by training -Increased total IGF-1 and reduced IGF binding protein 1 seen in women post-exercise -Full implications not fully understood
40
What hormone stimulates the adrenal gland to release hormones?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
41
What are the 2 most important adrenal hormones related to s + c?
Cortisol and catecholamines
42
What is Cortisol?
-Exerts catabolic effects by stimulating conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates -Increases level of proteolytic enzymes - the enzymes that break down proteins -Inhibits protein synthesis -Suppresses glucose-dependent processes -Produced in the adrenal cortex when stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone -Anabolic effects of testosterone counter the catabolic effects of cortisol -Relative binding of each hormone determines anabolic vs catabolic state -Cortisol increases with resistance exercise -Effect most dramatic when rest periods are short and work volume is high -Cortisol’s catabolic effect in men may be reduced by adaptations during training -Cortisol levels rise acutely from the same stimulus that increases GH -Acute elevated cortisol levels may be part of remodeling process and are associated with high volume, large muscle groups, short rest period resistance training -Chronic elevated cortisol levels have negative effect on tissue growth and are associated with overtraining -Cortisol's role in suppressing immune cells has direct effect on remodeling of muscle tissue and may be associated with immunosuppression following intense exercise
43
What are Catecholamines?
-Primarily epinephrine but also include norepinephrine and dopamine -Secreted by adrenal medulla and act as powerful central motor stimulators and peripheral vascular dilators -Enhance enzyme systems and calcium release in muscle
44
What are the role of Catecholamines?
-Increased force production via central mechanisms and metabolic enzyme activity -Increased muscle contraction rate -Increased blood pressure -Increased energy availability -Increased blood flow to muscles via vasodilation -Augment secretion rates of testosterone and other hormones
45
What are the training adaptations of Catecholamines?
-Heavy resistance training increases the ability to secrete epinephrine during maximal exercise -Stimulation of catecholamines likely one of the first endocrine responses to resistance exercise
46
What is a general principal for muscle remodeling?
More muscle fibers being recruited = greater potential remodeling. Only the fibers being activated will be subject to adaptation
47
How should you structure training to increase serum testosterone?
-Focus on large muscle groups I.e. deadlift, squat, power clean -Use heavy resistance 85%+ 1rm -Use a moderate to high volume of exercises with multiple sets and exercises
48
How should you structure training to increase GH?
-Use workouts with higher lactate concentrations -High intensity -High total work -Short rest periods -Supplement with carbs pre and post workout
49
How should you structure training to optimize adrenal response?
-High volume, large muscle groups, short rest periods -Vary training protocols and variables over time -Provide days of complete rest -Cycle in low-volume workouts to allow adrenal glands to recover and prevent chronic cortisol secretion

CSCS Shit (24 decks)

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