Chapter 11 Shit Flashcards
What are PEDs?
-Performance-Enhancing Substances
+Generally fall into two categories:
++Hormones and drugs that mimic their effects
++Dietary supplements
What are dietary supplements?
-A product other than tobacco intended to supplement the diet that contains one or more of the following:
+Vitamin
+Mineral
+Herb or botanical
+Amino acid
+Dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing total dietary intake
+A concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient in the above categories
-The product must be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food
-Dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA
-Dietary supplements do not need to meet FDA standards for safety and effectiveness
What are anabolic steroids?
-Synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone
-Designed to mimic the effects of elevation in testosterone
+Stimulate muscle protein synthesis
+Increased in development of male secondary sex characteristics
Why would someone use anabolic steroids over testosterone?
-Testosterone itself degrades too rapidly
+Chemical modification of testosterone retards the degradation to provide androgenic effects at lower concentrations and raise blood concentration for longer periods of time
How are steroids typically taken?
-Anabolic steroids are typically used in a “stacking” regiment
+Several drugs administered simultaneously to -increase the potency of each
-Steroids are typically taken in a cycle - with periods of discontinued use to avoid negative side effects
-Effects of steroids are typically logarithmic - increasingly larger doses produce increasingly larger responses
-Steroid use is often associated with strength and power sports as well as football
-Muscle dysmorphia - the feeling that one looks small and weak despite being strong and muscular - is another motivation for steroid use
-Steroid use by bodybuilders may be associated with the worst side effects due to the willingness to take substantial health risks through large doses of steroids
What is the efficacy of steroids?
-Anabolic steroids can significantly increase muscle mass and strength
-Athletic performance can be increased due to improved strength gains - particularly among previously trained strength athletes
+Purported benefits depend on the training status of the individual
-Anabolic steroids may increase aggression in users as well as irritability and mania
What are adverse effects of steroids?
-Adverse effects are dose-dependent, vary depending on the combination of steroids, and may be reversible upon cessation of use
-Negative effects include:
+Increased blood pressure and blood lipids
+Gynecomastia, decreased sperm count, testicular atrophy, and impotence
+In women - menstrual cycle irregularities, clitoromegaly, deepening of voice
+Acne, male pattern baldness
+Increased risk of liver tumors, and damage
+Premature epiphyseal plate closer, risk of tendon tears, muscular abscesses
+Mania, depression, aggression, hostility, mood swings
What are prohormones?
-Precursors to the synthesis of other hormones
-Theorized to increase the body’s ability to produce a specific hormone
-Prohormones have not been shown to have significant anabolic effects
-More research needed
Prohormones still banned by many athletic oversight organizations
What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?
-Hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women
-Very closely related in structure and function to luteinizing hormone
-Sometimes injected into overweight females under medical supervision for weight-loss
+Not effective for weight-loss - all weight-loss comes from the associated caloric restriction
-Anecdotally cited for use by males who take anabolic steroids
-Can increase testicular testosterone production by mimicking luteinizing hormone
-Used to increase endogenous testosterone production at the end of an anabolic steroid cycle
-Generally used to counteract suppressed testosterone production from anabolic steroid use
-Little research into adverse effects
+Main side effects are pain, swelling, and tenderness at injection site
What is insulin?
-Secreted by the pancreas in response to elevations in blood glucose or specific amino acid concentrations
-Considered an anabolic hormone due to its increasing of muscle protein synthesis and suppression of muscle protein breakdown
-Suppression of muscle protein breakdown over time theoretically increases lean mass
-Injection of insulin can have serious consequences in healthy individuals including coma, death, or development of diabetes
What is Human Growth Hormone?
-HGH is a protein secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
-HGH has been shown to be effective in increasing muscle mass in men with HGH deficiencies
-HGH is relatively safe when used as replacement therapy in deficient individuals under medical supervision
-Lack of research on HGH in athletic populations due to ethical constraints
-HGH cannot be detected in random drug tests and use may have been prevalent due to perceived beneficial effects
What health risks are associated with HGH use?
-Acromegaly - disfiguring disease characterized by:
+Widening of the bones
+Arthritis
+Organ enlargement
+Metabolic abnormalities
-Diabetes
-Cardiovascular dysfunction
-Muscle, joint, and bone pain
-Hypertension
-Abnormal organ growth
-Accelerated osteoarthritis
What is Eryhtropoietin?
-EPO
-Hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates production of new red blood cells
-Can be reproduced artificially with recombinant DNA techniques
-Injected EPO associated with:
+Elevations in hematocrit and hemoglobin
+Increases in aerobic capacity between 6%-8%
+Improved time to exhaustion up to 17%
What health consequences are there for misuse of EPO?
-Increased red blood cell count increases blood viscosity
+Increases clotting risk
+Increases systolic blood pressure
+Increases risk of stroke and cerebral or pulmonary embolism
+Dehydration during performance compounds these risks
What are beta blockers?
-Class of drugs that blocks the Beta-adrenergic receptors
+Reduces catecholamine binding
-Typically prescribed by cardiologists for treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension
-Ergogenic aid resides in their ability to reduce anxiety and tremors during performance
-Sports that depend on steady, controlled movements (archery, shooting) would possibly benefit
-May improve physiological adaptations from aerobic endurance training by upregulation of beta-receptors upon cessation of use
Shown to improve accuracy in slow and fast shooting competitions
-Effect likely varies depending on the relative anxiety of each competitor
