Chapter 12 Shit Flashcards
What are the primary reasons for testing?
-Assessment of athletic talent
+Allows the coach to determine whether an individual has the physical potential to play a sport at the competitive level of the team
-Identification of physical abilities in need of improvement
+Allows the coach to determine which physical abilities should be targeted in the s+c program
What are the 8 kinds of validity?
-Construct
-Face
-Content
-Criterion-referenced
+Concurrent validity
+Convergent Validity
+Predictive validity
-Discriminant validity
What is construct validity?
-The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
-To be valid - tests must:
+Measure abilities important in the sport
+Produce repeatable results
+Measure the performance of one athlete at a time
+Appear meaningful
+Be of suitable difficulty
+Be able to differentiate between different levels of ability
+Permit accurate scoring
+Include a sufficient number of trials
+Withstand the test of statistical evaluation
-Given the choice between two valid tests - pick the simplest and most economical in terms of administration
What is face validity?
-The appearance to the athlete and other observers that the test measures what it is purported to measure - “the appearance of test validity to nonexperts”
-Athletes are more likely to respond positively and be motivated to perform on tests with adequate face validity
What is content validity?
-The assessment by experts that the testing covers all relevant subtropics or component abilities in appropriate proportions needed for the sport
What is Criterion-referenced validity?
-The extent to which test scores are associated with some other measure of the same ability - includes three subtypes
+Concurrent
+Convergent
+Predictive
What is concurrent validity?
-The extent to which test scores are associated with those of other accepted tests that measure the same ability
What is convergent validity?
-A high-positive correlation between results of the test being assessed and those of the recognized measure of the construct (“the gold standard”)
What is predictive validity?
-The extent to which the test score corresponds to future performance or behavior in the relevant sport
What is discriminant validity?
-The ability of a test to distinguish between two different constructs
-Evidenced by low correlations between results from one test construct vs another - avoids redundancy in the different tests performed
What is reliability in a test?
-A measure of the degree of consistency or repeatability of a test
-An athlete whose ability is unchanged should receive the same score on a reliable test
-Tests must be reliable to be valid
What is the main way people test reliability?
-Test-retest reliability
+Difference between two scores on the same athlete determine test-retest reliability
+On a reliable test, score differences indicate a measurement error
What is TE?
-Typical error of measurement (TE)
+Includes equipment error and biological variation of athletes
What can score differences arise from?
-Intrasubject variability
+Lack of consistent performance from a testing athlete
-Lack of interrater reliability or agreement
+The degree to which different raters agree in their test results over time or on repeated occasions - consistency between raters
+Tests need a clearly defined scoring system
+The same scorer should test the same athletes at the beginning and end of a training period
+Poor interrater reliability leads to athletes having artificially inflated scores from lenient testers
-Intrarater variability
+Lack of consistent scores by a given tester
+I.e. coach eager to see improvement may be more lenient on post-testing than pre-testing
+Other causes:
++Inadequate training
++Inattentiveness
++Lack of concentration
++Failure to follow calibration procedures
+Failure of the test itself
++Can occur for various reasons
++I.e. tests requiring techniques that the athletes has not developed consistency
++Technique-dependent tests tend to produce more variability in scoring
What does it mean to test based on metabolic energy system specificity?
-A valid test must emulate the energy requirements of the sport for which the ability is being assessed - i.e. phosphagen, glycolytic, oxidative
-Strength and conditioning professional must be familiar with the needs of the sport
-I.e. basketball running mostly anaerobic with specific distances and direction changes
-Tests should simulate the physical movements and energy demands of a real game
What does it mean to test biomechanical movement pattern specificity?
-The more similar the test to an important sport movement - the better
+Vertical jump for basketball and volleyball, but not as relevant for hockey
+I.e. football
++D line need pushing strength and 5-15 yard speed
++Wide receiver needs 30-100 yard speed
++Bench press and 15 yard sprint more important for lineman
++30-100 yard sprint more important for receiver
How does experience and training status affect testing?
-Technique intensive tests more appropriate for well-trained, experienced athletes
-Specific training experience also relevant
+I.e. 3 mile run for baseball player not appropriate test since player most likely has been doing sprints
+Squat not appropriate for lower body strength if athlete has been using leg press
How does age and sex affect testing?
-Age and sex can affect the validity and reliability of tests
+I.e. 1.5 mile run appropriate for aerobic power assessment in college-aged athletes but not for preadolescents without experience and interest in sustained running
+Maximum pull ups may be appropriate for male wrestlers but not females due to substantial difference in upper body strength between men and women
++Prone pull up with supported feet more appropriate for women to test elbow flexion endurance
How do environmental factors effect testing?
-Necessary to consider the environment when selecting and administering tests of basic athletic ability
-I.e. high temperature and humidity can impair exercise performance, pose health risks, and lower the validity of aerobic endurance tests
+For aerobic and anaerobic endurance, temperature above 80f and humidity above 50% can impair performance
-Altitude can affect performance as well - give athletes time to adapt to altitude etc.
-Always note environmental conditions on testing reports to help analyze results
What are testing health and safety considerations?
-Athletes should be medically cleared for testing beforehand
-Strength and conditioning professional must remain attentive to athlete health status
+Especially important before, during, and after maximal exertion testing
+1 rep max and maximum running tests can uncover or worsen heart problems
-Heat injury is a risk in hot environments
+Athletes should wear light clothing and drink substantial water if testing in heat
-Musculoskeletal injuries can also be a problem during testing - cannot ignore symptoms (i.e. joint pain etc)
What situations or symptoms would you want a medical referral for?
-Chest pressure
-Pain or excessive discomfort
-Listlessness
-Light-headedness, dizziness, or confusion
-Headache
-Reddened, cold, or clammy skin
-Irregular pulse
-Bone or joint pain
-Blurred vision, nausea, or shortness of breath
-Rapid pulse
-Weakness not commensurate with the level of exertion
How should tests be administered?
-Accurate test results require safety, correctness, and organization
-Testers should be carefully selected and trained
-Tests should be well organized and efficiently administered
-Athletes should be properly prepared and instructed
How should testers be selected and trained?
-Administrators should be well-trained and have a thorough understanding of all testing procedures and protocols
-Test supervisor should ensure novice testers follow proper scoring guidelines
-Testers should have practice administering tests beforehand
-Testers should follow identical protocols - i.e. one tester should not give verbal encouragement if another tester does not
How are recording forms important for testing?
-Recording forms should be developed before testing
-Space for all test results, comments, and documenting of environmental conditions
-Specific details of setup should be recorded (i.e. pin height of barbell)
