Chapter 4: Sexual Arousal and Response Flashcards
1
Q
Masters and Johnson (1966) found that the physiological responses of males and females to sexual stimulation (via intercourse, masturbation, or other sources) are
A
Quite alike
2
Q
Sexual response cycle
A
The sequence of changes in the body that take place as males and females become progressively more aroused
3
Q
Masters and Johnson’s (1966) four phases of the sexual response cycle consist of
A
excitement,
plateau,
orgasm,
resolution.
4
Q
Both males and females experience ______ and _____ early in the response cycle.
A
vasocongestion and myotonia
5
Q
Vasocongestion
A
is swelling of the genital tissues with blood, which causes erection of the penis and engorgement of the area surrounding the vaginal opening. The testes, nipples, and even earlobes become engorged as blood vessels in these areas dilate.
6
Q
Myotonia
A
is muscle tension. It causes voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions, which produce facial grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and eventually, the spasms of orgasm.
7
Q
Excitement face
A
First phase of the sexual response cycle, characterized by erection in the male, vaginal lubrication in the female, and muscle tension and increased heart rate in both men and women
8
Q
In younger males, vasocongestion during the excitement phase produces penile erection as early as ________ after stimulation begins.
A
3-8 seconds
9
Q
In females, vaginal lubrication may start ___________seconds after stimulation begins.
A
10-30 seconds
10
Q
Vasocongestion swells the clitoris, flattens and spreads the labia majora apart, and increases the size of the labia minora.
The inner two thirds of the vagina expands. The vaginal walls thicken and, because of the inflow of blood, turn from their normal pink to a deeper hue.
The uterus becomes engorged and elevated. The breasts enlarge, and blood vessels near the surface become more prominent.
A
Kinky
11
Q
Sex flush
A
A reddish rash that appears on the chest or breasts late in the excitement phase
12
Q
The gender of the actor was far more important for men than for women
A
whereas level of sexual activity was more important for women than for men.
13
Q
Plateau phase
A
The second phase of the sexual response cycle, characterized by increased vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure, in the preparation of orgasm
14
Q
Orgasmic platform
A
Thickening on the walls of the outer one third of the vagina (due to vasocongestion) during the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle
15
Q
Sex skin
A
The reddened skin of the labia minora during the plateau phase
16
Q
About one male in four—and about three females in four—shows a sex flush, which often appears in the ____
A
plateau phase.
17
Q
Myotonia may cause facial grimaces and spasmodic contractions in the hands and feet. Breathing becomes rapid, similar to panting, and the heart rate may increase to _______ Blood pressure continues to rise. The increase in heart rate is usually less dramatic with masturbation than during partnered sexual activity.
A
100-160 BPM
18
Q
The orgasmic phase in the male consists of two stages of muscular contraction.
A
In the first stage, contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and prostate gland cause seminal fluid to collect in the urethral bulb at the base of the penisIn the first stage, contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and prostate gland cause seminal fluid to collect in the urethral bulb at the base of the penis
In the second stage, the external sphincter of the bladder relaxes, allowing the passage of semen.
Contractions of muscles surrounding the urethra, the urethral bulb, and the base of the penis propel the ejaculate through the urethra and out of the body.
19
Q
Male orgasm
A
The first three to four contractions are generally most intense, occurring at 0.8-second intervals (five contractions every four seconds). Another two to four contractions occur at a somewhat slower pace. Rates and patterns vary somewhat from man to man.
20
Q
Female orgasm
A
Orgasm in the female is manifested by 3 to 15 contractions of the pelvic muscles that surround the vaginal barrel. The contractions first occur at 0.8-second intervals, producing, as in the male, a release of sexual tension. Another three to six weaker, slower contractions follow.
21
Q
Male and female orgasm
A
In both genders, muscles throughout the body go into spasm. Blood pressure and heart rate peak, with the heart beating up to 180 times per minute. Respiration may increase to 40 breaths per minute.
22
Q
Sexual concordance
A
refers to the degree to which actual genital response and self-reported sexual arousal correspond with each other.
23
Q
resolution phase
A
The fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state (post orgasm)
24
Q
Following ejaculation, the man loses his erection in two stages:
A
The first occurs within about a minute: The erection loses half of its volume as blood from the corpora cavernosa empties into other parts of the body.
The second stage occurs over several minutes: The remaining tumescence subsides as the corpus spongiosum empties, the testes and scrotum return to normal size, and the scrotum regains its wrinkled appearance.
25
In both males and females, most muscle tension (myotonia) tends to dissipate within ____ after orgasm.
Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration may also return to pre-arousal levels within a few minutes. About 30% to 40% of men and women find their palms, soles, or entire bodies covered with a sheen of perspiration. Both males and females may feel relaxed and satiated.
5 minutes
26
Refractory period
The time following a response (e/g orgasm) when an individual no longer responds to stimulation
Only occurs in men after orgasm
27
Kaplan developed a three-stage model consisting of
desire, excitement, and orgasm.
28
Kaplan Vs Basson (f-f-f-fight)
While Kaplan’s model assumes that the process of female sexual response begins with desire, Basson’s model suggests that, for many women, the process does not necessarily begin with feelings of desire but rather with feelings of intimacy with their partners.
Basson argues that many women in longer-term relationships are motivated to respond to sexual stimuli if they feel that becoming sexually involved will enhance that intimacy.
29
Kaplan's model sees sex as
This model allows for the possibility that arousal may precede sexual desire, and that arousal may not lead to orgasm.
30
Between Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, and Basson which one is correct?
Interestingly, almost equal proportions of women endorsed each of the three models as best reflecting their own patterns of sexual response. This suggests that none of the models uniformly captures the sexual response patterns of all women.
31
Multiple orgasms
One or more additional orgasms following the first, occurring within a short period of time and before the body has returned to its pre-plateau level of arousal
- 14% of his female respondents regularly had
- some women experienced 20 or more consecutive orgasms by masturbating.
32
Vibrators
The women reported that the orgasms they experienced with vibrators were more intense than other kinds.
Two thirds of those who used vibrators did so in conjunction with sexual activity with their partners.
33
Dry orgasms
Some males have two or more orgasms without ejaculation (“dry orgasms”) before a final ejaculatory orgasm. These males may not enter a refractory period following their initial dry orgasms, and may therefore be able to maintain stimulation at near-peak levels.
34
two types of female orgasm, as proposed by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud:
the clitoral orgasm and the vaginal orgasm.
| -this theory is WRONG
35
aphrodisiac
is a substance that arouses or increases one’s capacity for sexual desire or response. (but could be related to Placebo Effect)
36
Amyl nitrate (in the form of “snappers” or “poppers”) is sometimes used in the belief that it:
heightens sensations of arousal and orgasm. Poppers dilate blood vessels in the brain and genitals, producing sensations of warmth in the pelvis and possibly facilitating erection and prolonging orgasm.
37
The drug Addyi (flibanserin) has been dubbed the “female Viagra”
It doesn’t directly facilitate sexual arousal in women but appears to work on the appetitive phase of arousal—that is, sexual desire.
38
Wellbutrin
It doesn’t directly facilitate sexual arousal in women but appears to work on the appetitive phase of arousal—that is, sexual desire.
39
Anaphrodisiacs
Antagonists to sexual arousal or sexual desire
- saltpetre (potassium nitrate)
- Tranquilizers and central nervous system depressants such as barbiturates can lessen sexual desire and impair sexual performance
40
Nicotine, the stimulant in tobacco smoke,
constricts the blood vessels. It can therefore impede sexual arousal, by reducing the capacity of the genitals to become engorged with blood. Several studies have shown that smoking can reduce men’s ability to have erections
41
Antiandrogen
A drug that reduces the levels of androgen in the blood system
42
Alcohol
Small amounts of alcohol are stimulating, at least in part because alcohol stimulates release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which in turn stimulates the reward system in the brain
However, large amounts of alcohol curb sexual response. This fact should not be surprising because alcohol is a depressant; it reduces central nervous system activity. Large amounts of alcohol can severely impair sexual performance in both men and women
43
Binge drinking
Binge drinking
44
Marijuana (weed)
(1) marijuana facilitates sexual desire and heightens sexual pleasure among some women; (2) marijuana can facilitate sexual desire and pleasure among men but may hinder erectile functioning; and (3) the effects of marijuana use on both female and male sexuality are dose dependent. That is, smoking a moderate amount of marijuana may have a positive effect on sexual desire and pleasure, but consuming a large amount may have the opposite effect
45
Stimulants
Stimulants such as amphetamines (“speed,” “uppers,” “bennies,” “dexies”) are reputed to heighten arousal and sensations of orgasm
Crystal methamphetamine (“crystal meth” or “ice”) is used as an aphrodisiac, boosting sexual arousal and lowering sexual inhibitions.
46
Cocaine
There is evidence that cocaine enhances sexual arousal in both males and females, in part by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine
47
Erogenous zones
parts of the body that are especially sensitive to tactile sexual stimulation—to strokes and other caresses.
48
Primary erogenous zones
Are erotically sensitive because they are richly endowed with nerve endings.
- include the genitals; the inner thighs, perineum, buttocks, and anus; the breasts (especially the nipples); the ears (particularly the earlobes); the mouth, lips, and tongue; the neck; the navel; and, yes, the armpits.
- Brain is the primary sexual organ as you can orgasm by thinking about it
49
Secondary erogenous zones
become erotically sensitized through experience.
-become eroticized through association with sexual stimulation (rubbing ones shoulders as that may occur while in the sex)
50
Parts of the brain—particularly the _____ and the _____—play key roles in sexual functioning
cerebral cortex
| limbic system
51
cerebral cortex
Cells in the cerebral cortex fire (transmit messages) when we experience sexual thoughts, images, wishes, and fantasies. These cells interpret sensory information as sexual turn-ons or turn-offs.
-provides the conscious sense of self. The cortex judges sexual behaviour as proper or improper, moral or immoral, relaxing or anxiety- or guilt-provoking.
52
limbic system
destruction of areas of the limbic system triggered persistent sexual behaviours that included masturbation and male–female and male–male mounting attempts.
-Stimulation of certain areas in the thalamus and hypothalamus may induce ejaculation.
53
hypothalamus
Research with electrical probes has suggested that “pleasure centres” may exist in and near the hypothalamus in other animals and perhaps even in people.
54
Male and female sexual arousal (Robin Milhausen 2004)
Both women and men in her study reported that sexual arousal could be enhanced by their partners’ positive characteristics (e.g., sense of humour, self-confidence, and ability to make them feel desirable), sex that was varied (e.g., different activities and different settings), and anticipation of sexual encounters.
Both sexes also agreed that sexual arousal could be inhibited by a partner’s self-consciousness about his or her body, a feeling of giving more than receiving (e.g., always being the one to initiate sex), and worries about various issues (e.g., reputation, STIs, and having to use condoms).
55
Female arousal (Robin Milhausen 2004)
Women were more inhibited than men about possible sexual violence and exploitation, fear that they weren’t good lovers, and fear that they were taking too long to become aroused and/or not having orgasms.
56
Male arousal (Robin Milhausen 2004)
Men were more aroused than women by specific sexual stimuli (e.g., seeing their partners’ naked bodies, “talking dirty,” seeing their partners in sexy outfits, watching erotic films, and quickly advancing to the genitals when starting to have sex).
57
Hormones
chemical substances secreted by the ductless glands of the endocrine system and discharged directly into the bloodstream.
-regulate various bodily functions, including growth and resistance to stress, as well as sexual functions.
58
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
regulate gonadal secretion of sex hormones, specifically testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females.
59
Male secondary sex characteristics
include lengthening of the vocal cords (and consequent lowering of the voice) and growth of facial and pubic hair
60
Female secondary sex characteristics
In females, they include rounding of the breasts and hips with fatty tissue, and growth of pubic hair.
61
Sex hormones have _______ and ______ effects on behaviour.
Organizing
Activating
- they influence the type of behaviour that’s expressed (an organizing effect)
- they influence the frequency or intensity of the drive that motivates the behaviour and the ability to perform the behaviour (activating effects)
62
A disappearance of ________ will stop all sexual behaviours, but injecting this back into a male will resume regular sexual behaviors (such as mounting)
testosterone
63
_______ activates the sex drives of both men and women
testosterone
64
Male ________ are known to influence the sex drive and sexual response in men
sex hormones
65
Surgical castration
(removal of the testes)
- sometimes performed as a medical treatment for cancer of the prostate or other diseases of the male reproductive tract, such as genital tuberculosis.
- And some convicted sex offenders have voluntarily undergone castration as a condition of release.
66
men who are surgically or chemically castrated usually exhibit a
- gradual decrease in incidence of sexual fantasies and sexual desire
- however, some continue to experience sexual desire and are able to function sexually for years, even decades.
67
sexually inexperienced before castration
show relatively little or no interest in sex later
68
show relatively little or no interest in sex later
show a more gradual decline in sexual activity afterward
69
Hypogonadism
a condition marked by abnormally low levels of testosterone production.
70
Hypogonadal men
generally experience loss of sexual desire and a decline in sexual activity
-are capable of erection, at least for a while, even though their sex drives may wane
71
Testosterone levels among teenaged boys
predicted sexual interest, masturbation rates, and likelihood of engaging in sexual intercourse
72
Antiandrogens
A drug that reduces the levels of androgen in the blood system
73
Opposite sex hormones in the genders
Men and women produce small amounts of the sex hormones of the other sex
- Men and women produce small amounts of the sex hormones of the other sex
- The ovaries produce small amounts of androgens but much larger amounts of the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
- The ovaries produce small amounts of androgens but much larger amounts of the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
74
Estrogen and progesterone
The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone play prominent roles in promoting the changes that occur during puberty and in regulating the menstrual cycle
75
Female sex hormones do not, however, appear to play a direct role in determining sexual motivation or response in human females.
IMPORTANT
76
estrus
females are sexually receptive only during estrus (when they’re “in heat”), a brief period of fertility corresponding to ovulation
-
77
There is some evidence, however, that sexual responsiveness in women is influenced by the presence of circulating ____, or male sex hormones, in their bodies.
androgens
78
Ovariectomy
Surgical removal of the ovaries
- which are sometimes carried out when a hysterectomy is performed, no longer produce female sex hormones
- Nevertheless, they may continue to experience sex drives and interest as before
79
estradiol
Loss of this may cause vaginal dryness and make sexual activity painful, but does not reduce sexual desire
80
However, women whose ____ and ______ have been removed, so that they no longer produce androgens, gradually lose sexual desire
Adrenal Glands
| Ovaries
81
Androgens apparently affect sexual desire in both sexes, but sexual interest may be more likely to be directly translated into sexual activity in men than in women
This sex difference may be explained by society’s placement of greater restraints on female sexuality.
82
It is estimated that __% of youth have a physical, developmental, or sensory disability
10
83
most people with _____ have the same sexual needs, feelings, and desires as those without disabilities
disabilities
84
youth with developmental disabilities
may require sex education materials specifically designed to accommodate their levels of comprehension and pace of learning. People with profound intellectual or developmental disabilities may require guidance and education around issues of consent to sexual activity
85
the greatest challenge faced by people with disabilities
they must live in a society where myths, misconceptions, and negative stereotypes about sexuality and disability abound
86
sexual wellness for people with disabilities, as for all people, involves five factors:
A positive sexual self-concept (i.e., seeing oneself as valuable, both sexually and as a person)
Knowledge about sexuality
Positive, productive relationships
An ability to cope with social, environmental, physical, and emotional barriers to sexuality
Maintenance of good general and sexual health, within personal limitations
87
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
a chronic, unpredictable disease that affects the nervous system. The tissue called myelin, which surrounds and protects nerve cells, disintegrates, leaving scar tissue in its place
- MS impairs sexual functioning, and people with MS report more sexual problems than people without the disorder
- Many people with MS in good relationships enjoy fine sex lives for many years.
88
Cerebral palsy (CP)
doesn’t generally impair sexual interest, capacity for orgasm, or fertility.
-may have to adjust sexual activities and positions accordingly.
89
Spinal Cord Injuries
Most of those who suffer disabling spinal cord injuries are young, active men and women. Automobile or pedestrian accidents account for about half of these cases. Other common causes include bullet or stab wounds, sports injuries, and falls.
90
two erection centres in the spinal cord
a higher centre in the lumbar region, which controls psychogenic erections, and a lower one in the sacral region, which controls reflexive erections.
91
When damage occurs at or above the lumbar centre,
the man loses the capacity for psychogenic erections, which occur in response to mental stimulation alone (e.g., viewing erotic video or fantasizing)
92
He may still be able to achieve reflexive erections via direct stimulation of the penis, because this type of erection is controlled by the _______
sacral erection centre
93
damage to the sacral erection centre
loses the capacity for reflexive erections but can still achieve psychogenic erections as long as his upper spinal cord remains intact.
94
researchers have found that about_____men with spinal cord injuries are able to achieve erections, but only about ______ continues to ejaculate naturally.
3/4
| 1 in 10
95
Women with spinal cord injuries
can engage in intercourse, become impregnated, and deliver vaginally
96
A survey of 68 women with spinal cord injuries showed that about _____ were able to achieve orgasm as a result of erotic audiovisual material combined with manual genital stimulation
half
97
Sensory Disabilities
such as blindness and deafness, do not directly affect genital responsiveness. Still, sexuality may be affected in many ways.
- Blind since birth people may suffer knowing anatomy
- People who are deaf often lack knowledge about sexuality
98
Arthritis
may make it difficult or painful to bend the arms, knees, and hips
99
Developmental Disabilities
People with intellectual disabilities (e.g., impaired cognitive functioning), such as developmental disabilities (e.g., mental or physical impairments that begin to occur before age 18), are often stereotyped as incapable of understanding their sexual desires.
100
individuals with ______- are at higher risk to become the victims of sexual abuse and exploitation and may not be able, in some contexts, to consent to sexual activity with others
limited mental capacity
101
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
includes a range of conditions that are characterized by difficulty with communication and social interaction, repetitive behaviours, and a tendency toward narrow, focused interests
102
It is estimated that about _____ children in the United States has ASD
one in every 68
| The condition is about four times more common in boys (1 in 42) than in girls
103
Reading #5 (Fahs)
Objective: "Flibanserin" to treat womens libido
What happened: Analysed women’s descriptions of and definitions of ‘good sex’ (as defined by respondents), as well as their experiences of
sexual encounters that felt joyous and happy
Findings: Analysis revealed four themes
in women’s descriptions of good, happy and joyous sex: (1) Physical pleasure,
wanting and orgasm; (2) Emotional connection and relationship satisfaction;
(3) Comfort and naturalness; (4) Control over sexual scripts.
framed sexual satisfaction as a combination of physical satisfaction, emotional
satisfaction, frequency of orgasm and emotions about sex
104
Machanisms of sexaul arousel consist of two basic physiological proceesses
```
Increased blood flow (vasocongestion)
Neuromuscular tension (Myotonia)
```
105
Excitement (lecture)
Initiated by whatever is sexually stimulating to the person
- direct sensory stimulation
- thoughts and memories
106
Excitement for men (lecture)
```
Erection of the penis
Elevation and flattening of scrotum
Goose bumps on scrotum
Elevation of testes
Erection of nipples (30%)
```
107
Excitement for women (lecture)
```
Vagina lubricates and expands
-back 2/3 of canal extends
-vaginal walls distended with blood
Clitoris swells, elongates, hardens
Vestibular bulbs increase in size
Major lips flatten / separate
Minor lips thicken / change colour
Uterus more elevated
Breasts enlarge (nipples and areolas swell)
```
108
Vaginal lubrication occured when women shown their most preferred sexual stimulus category (i.e Menor women)
Vasocongestion occurs with a range of sexual stimuli
Lubrication is more atunned to sexaul goals
Vasocongestion occurs more generically
109
Plateau (lecture)
Sexual tension increases (levels out at high intensity)
Glans and coronal ridge of penis increase in size
Testes swell (increase up to 50% & further elevated)
Sex flush in 25% of men
110
Plateau Women (lecture)
Inner vagina increases in depth and width
Major lips congested and swollen
Minor lips turn more vivid to a red or deep purple
Bartholin's gland may secrete
Breasts further enlarge (nipples appear to shrink, breasts expand around them)
Sex flush 75% of women
Clitoris withdraws under hood
Uterus fully elevated
111
Plateau Men and Women (lecture)
Involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
increased breathing
Heart rate and blood pressure increase
112
Orgasm (Lecture)
Contains physiological and psychological release
- build-up of neuromuscular tension typically perceived as pleasurable
- release even more pleasurable
- Subjective experience with wide range of variation
113
Faking orgasms
Often done by women to please their males
- High in narcissism faked for sexual enjoyment
- High in psychopathy to deceive their mates
- In that study, 90% of participants faked
114
Male Orgams (lecture)
2 Stages
- 3-4 pulsations (0.8 seconds apart) of penile urethra and accessory organs expel semen
- Contractions of naus
115
Female orgasm (lecture)
- Contractions of uterus and anus
| - Women had longer latency to orgasm during partnered sex than during masturbation
116
Orgasm Both men and women (Lecture)
Loss of voluntary muscle control
-involuntary grimaces and spasms
Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure reach peak levels
```
Releases endorphins (opioid receptors)
-Only women release oxytocin (3-5 minutes)
```
117
Refractory period (lecture)
Duration dependant on age, number of previous orgasms, fatigue
118
Possible to have orgasm outside of sexual context
Drugs use, childbirth, breastfeeding, defecation, non genital stimulation
119
Resolution (lecture)
Rapid reversal following orgasm
| - much slower without orgasm
120
Resolution male (lecture)
```
Penis loses rigidity
Scrotum relaxes
Testes shrink and descend
Nipples detumesce
Sex flush fades
```
121
Resolution female (lecture)
Clirotirs reverts'
Blood leaves vagina, lips, and breasts
Sex flush fades
Some muscle tension up to 5 minutes
122
No orgasm, what happens?
High arousal but no orgasm results in an unpleasant state
| For men, blue balls
123
Dual control model
Extension of Masters and Johnston models
There are factors (physiological / organic ; psychological / cultural/ behavioural) that either excite or inhibit sexual arousal
-Particularly important for some women
124
Genetic
Union of sperm and egg determines genetic sex of individual
125
Ovum
X or determining chromosomes
126
Sperm X or Y
Genetic sex determined by man's sperm and not the ovum
| -Y = male
127
Differentiation of testes is apparent at ___ weeks
| Ovaries at __ weeks
7
| 12
128
H-Y antigen results in
growth of the testes (testes responsible for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone)
129
Develop of external and internal genitals is under
hormonal control
130
Genetic females (XX) develop ovaries
No mullerian duct inhibitory substance and no androgen
- Mullerian duct develop
- Male wolffian ducts degenerate without androgens
131
Default sex is nothing happens is
Female (ovaries develop)
132
Arousal (lecture)
Sensory input ultimately interpreted by the brain before sensation experienced
-can use memory and imagination
133
Nerve endings and end organs
-responds to touch, warmth, and pain
-but there are no end organs for sexual stimulation
Experience comes from touch, warmth, pain
Where the nerve endings send their messages and how they are decoded by the brain is citicial
134
Reflex mechanisms
Nerve impulses go to erectin centre
| -can be independent from the brain
135
Paraplegic (waist down)
Can have erection and ejaculate
| But no orgasm (cause it meets the brain)
136
Brain mechanisms
Limbic system
-older part in evolutionary sense of brain
-artificial activation produces various behaviours
-such as aggressive, defensive, alimentary, sexual
Frontal cortex impacts decision making
137
Pleasure areas of the brain
When certain parts of brain are electrically stimulated, humans get pleasure response
-get erections from nearby areas
138
Hypothalamus
Has it effects on the Anterior pituitary and hormones
139
Reading 6 (Grebe) r6
examined hormonal correlates of their desire for sexual
| contact. Estradiol was positively associated, and progesterone negatively associated, with self-reported desire
140
Endocrinology
```
Hormones produced by sex glands
These blood born chemicals play an important role with important role in:
1) Development of anatomy
2) Reproduction
3) Sexual behaviour
```
141
Endocrine gland release directly into the
Blood stream
142
Sex glands
Ovaries, testes
143
Anterior pituitary
located at the base of the brain (hypothalamus)
| -Known as the master gland as it secretes hormones in the blood stream which cause other glans to produce own hormones
144
Anterior pituitary produces
Gonadotropins ( 2 types)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
These go to the gonads
145
The pituitary gland is subject to control by the ____
brain
- Follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSH-RF)
- LH releasing factor (LH-RF)
146
How the sequence of gonadotropins work
First it starts in the brain, it functions through the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus produces the 2 releasing factors, releasing factors go ot the anterior pituitary
147
How can physical and psychological stress affect hormone balance?
Stress can stop the brain-generated chemicals
148
The ____ monitors hormone level
Brain
| -acts like a furnace by turning production on or off
149
Negative feedback system
Low levels of hormones turn on hormone production
HIgh levels of hormones turn off hormone production
150
Psychological mood
mood influences hormones
| hormones influence mood
151
__ to __ days before menstruation
4-7 days
| some women become emotionally labile, easily upset, and decline in performance
152
Male endocrinology
Proceeding slides
153
Sperm production is directly related to
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
| -its is acyclic, meaning it is always happening
154
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is also known as
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ISCH)
| -LH stimulates interstitial cells of testes (aka leydig's cells) tp produce androgens (especially testosterone)
155
Male cycles also have negative feedback cycles
For both FSH and LH
156
Severe stress
stops sperm
157
Winning fights (or competition)
Raise testosterone (WORLDSTARRR)
158
As you age the prostate gland enlarges
10% by age 4-, 50% by age 80
Leads to involuntary urine (but drugs can help, or removal)
159
men can also experience ___ with aging, due to lowering of testosterone and and hormone levels
depression (like women who menopause, but there is no male equivalent to menopause)
