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Psychology 353: Human Sexuality > Chapter 12: Sexuality Across the Life Span > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Sexuality Across the Life Span Flashcards

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1
Q

Infancy (Birth to Two Years)

A

Most boys have erections during the first few weeks of life

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2
Q

Infants discover the pleasure of self-stimulation (masturbation) for themselves when they

A

gain the ability to manipulate their genitals with their hands.

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3
Q

Masturbation is typical for infants and young children, and may start as early as

A

Five months (but orgasm is rare until age of 2)

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4
Q

Early Childhood (Two to Five Years)

A

the ability to identify oneself as a boy or a girl.

children should begin to learn the basic rules of privacy, that they have basic autonomy over their own bodies, and that there’s a distinction between good touch

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5
Q

Middle Childhood (Five to Eight Years)

A

Some children at this age have relationships with special friends that resemble an early form of dating (first conscious romantic attachments)

Children may show their genitals to each other, touch each other’s genitals, and, in rare cases, masturbate together.

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6
Q

Preadolescence (Nine to Twelve Years)

A

typically form relationships with best friends of the same gender, enabling them to share secrets and confidences.

At this stage, boys are likely to think girls are dorks

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7
Q

They found that 45% of males and 15% of females had masturbated by age ____

A

13

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8
Q

There are four major developmental tasks of adolescent sexuality:

A

1) Adapt to the physical and emotional changes of puberty.
2) Accept yourself as a sexual being.
3) Explore romantic and sexual relationships.
4) Learn to protect your sexual health.

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9
Q

Pueberty

A

Stage in development when reproduction first becomes possible

  • Begins with appearance of secondary sex characteristics
  • End when the long bones make no further gains in length
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10
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

Such as bodility distribution of hair and fat, development of muscle mass, and deepening of voice

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11
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females that are directly involved in reproduction

These are the sex organs

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12
Q

Once puberty begins, most major changes occur within ______ years in girls and within ______ years in boys.

A

three 3 boys

four 4 girls

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13
Q

Principal marker of reproduction for girls

A

Menarche (12.8 year median)

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14
Q

Principal marker of reproduction for boys

A

First ejaculation

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15
Q

Female Changes

A

Between 8 and 14 years of age, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released by the pituitary gland causes the ovaries to begin to secrete estrogen

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16
Q

Breast begin to develop at what age?

A

8 or 9 (breast buds)

-breasts enlarge at age 10

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17
Q

Menarche (first menstruation)

A

occurs between the ages of 11 and 14. But it is quite normal for menarche to occur as early as age 9 or as late as age 16

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18
Q

Estrogen also promotes growth of the

A

uterus, thickening of the vaginal lining, and growth of fatty and supporting tissue in the hips and buttocks.

growth of the vagina, uterus, and labia during puberty, while androgens cause the clitoris to develop

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19
Q

Small amounts of androgens produced by the female’s adrenal glands, along with estrogen, stimulate development

A

Small amounts of androgens produced by the female’s adrenal glands, along with estrogen, stimulate development

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20
Q

anovulatory

A

without ovulation

Girls cannot become pregnant until ovulation occurs, and ovulation may lag behind menarche by as much as two years.

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21
Q

Male Changes

A

At puberty, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary to increase production of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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22
Q

FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulate the testes to increase their output of testosterone, which in turn prompts growth of the testes, scrotum, and penis

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23
Q

Testosterone also fosters differentiation of secondary male characteristics

A

growth of facial, body, and pubic hair, and deepening of the voice

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24
Q

Boys typically experience their first ejaculations by age ___ or _____, most often through masturbation

A

13 or 14

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25
Q

nocturnal emissions “wet dreams”

A

Involuntary ejaculation of seminal fluid while asleep

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26
Q

Underarm hair appears at about age

A

15

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27
Q

At age ______ the voice deepens as the larynx grows and the vocal cords lengthen.

A

14 or 15

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28
Q

young women who devoted more attention to exploring their sexual identities scored higher

A

on measures of sexual well-being (e.g., satisfaction with their sex lives).

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29
Q

It’s during the ____ years that most adolescents have their first romantic and sexual relationships

A

teenage

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30
Q

Masturbation

A

80% of males and 58% of females reported that they had masturbated at least once, and among those who had masturbated, 84% of males and 65% of females did so a few times a month or more

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31
Q

Oral Sex

A

Not as common as one would think for teens

-oral sex most often occurred within committed relationships

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32
Q

Penile–Vaginal Intercourse

A

third of youth experience sexual intercourse before age 17

-most Canadian young people do not have penile–vaginal intercourse until their late teens or early 20s.

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33
Q

Adolescent LGBT Sexual Behaviours

A

most sexual-minority youth successfully navigate the developmental tasks of adolescence as well as their peers

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34
Q

four types of casual sexual relationships:

A

1) one-night stands
2) booty calls
3) fuck buddies
4) friends with benefits relationships (FWBR)

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35
Q

What form is the least intimate?

A

One-night stands

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36
Q

one of the most common sexual behaviours among youth

A

Sexting

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37
Q

Protecting Sexual Health in Adolescence

A

For Canadian youth, using condoms is the most popular choice for protecting sexual health
-younger teens are more responsible than older teens when it comes to condom use

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38
Q

among 14-year-olds

A

70% used a condom at last intercourse and 32% used the birth-control pill, while among 17-year-olds, fewer youth used condoms (63%) and more used the birth-control pill (54%)

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39
Q

primary relationship form for adult Canadians

A

Marriage

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40
Q

Developmental Tasks

A
  1. Passion
  2. Friendship
  3. Communication
  4. Sexual health
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41
Q
  1. Passion
A

romantic relationships usually begin with some element of physical and emotional attraction

Physical attraction (“chemistry”) is often the spark that initially brings a couple together.

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42
Q
  1. Friendship
A

sexual passion alone is not enough to sustain a relationship, especially if the couple hopes to maintain the relationship over time.

sense of friendship is one of the most important

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43
Q
  1. Communication
A

Many people rely on nonverbal cues (“body language”) to make assumptions about their partner’s sexual preferences. This isn’t always the most effective form of communication

Many people rely on nonverbal cues (“body language”) to make assumptions about their partner’s sexual preferences. This isn’t always the most effective form of communication

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44
Q
  1. Sexual health
A

Taking measures to prevent STIs and HIV infection and unwanted pregnancy is still important, particularly since more and more adults are remaining single, or becoming single after separation or divorce.

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45
Q

condom use ______ as people got older.

A

decreased

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46
Q

Being single

A

More people are postponing marriage to pursue educational and career goals.

the most common lifestyle among people in their 20s

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47
Q

In 2008, the typical man in Canada got married for the first time at

A

30 years

women at 29.6

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48
Q

serial monogamy

A

Pattern of becoming involved in one exclusive relationship after another, as opposed to engaging in multiple sexual relationships at the same time

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49
Q

celibacy

A

Complete sexual abstinence

  • Nuns and priests
  • view sex outside of marriage as immoral
  • the prospect of sexual activity uninteresting, or because they’re afraid of STIs.
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50
Q

Cohabitation

A

The state whereby two people live together as a couple but not legally married

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51
Q

common-law relationship

A

consists of two people of the opposite or the same sex who live together as a couple but are not legally married

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52
Q

Cohabiting couples may believe cohabitation will

A

strengthen their eventual marriages by helping them iron out the kinks in their relationships.

Yet cohabiters who later marry run a serious risk of divorce.

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53
Q

Sixty-three (63%) percent of those in their 30s who live together before marriage

A

get divorced

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54
Q

in 2016, 43.8% of Canadians aged 30 to 34 and over half (57.0%) of people aged 40 to 44 were married.

A

Marriage

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55
Q

Same-Sex Marriage

A

2002 changed definition of marriage

56
Q

In _____-, Canadian Parliament passed legislation allowing same-sex couples to marry.

A

2005

57
Q

Lesbian and gay couples following benefits of marriage:

A

Greater acceptance of their relationships by friends and family members

Equality with heterosexuals in terms of making decisions for ill partners, caring for children, and receiving inheritance and insurance benefits

Greater relationship satisfaction, including feeling closer to their partners and more secure about their relationships

Decreased feelings of internalized homophobia

More openness to the idea of having children

58
Q

Why Do People Marry?

A

Because marriage meets personal and cultural needs and provides a legal sanction for deeply committed relationships.

  • that children born to his wife are his
  • Transition of wealth across families
59
Q

Not until the _____ century did the notion of love as a basis for marriage become widespread in Western culture.

A

nineteenth

60
Q

There are two major types of marriage:

A

monogamy and polygamy

61
Q

monogamy

A

Two people are wed only to each other

-form of matrimony

62
Q

polygamy

A

a person has more than one spouse and is permitted sexual access to all of them.
-Polygamy is illegal in Canada

63
Q

Polygyny

A

Form of marriage in which the man is married to more than one women at the same time

64
Q

Polyandry

A

Form of marriage in which a women is married to more than one man at the same time

65
Q

The universal incest taboo proscribes mating between close relatives.

A

No incest please

66
Q

homogamy

A

Practise of marrying someone who is similar to yourself in social background and standing

67
Q

______ for sexual relations is valued in nearly all cultures.

A

Privacy

68
Q

Most cultures also place restrictions on ______during menstruation, during at least some stages of pregnancy, and for a time after childbirth.

A

intercourse

69
Q

How frequently do married couples have sex?

A

aged 18 to 49, among people who were married, 2% reported having sex every day, 34% a few times a week, 46% a few times a month, and 16% once a month or less

70
Q

Longer working hours and pornography consumption were not associated with less frequent sex

A

Less boom boom

71
Q

Marital satisfaction is a complex phenomenon that includes the following

A

Commitment

An adequate income

Sharing in housework

Generosity toward one’s spouse

The support of one’s family and friends (yes, in-laws can make a difference one way or the other)

Agreement on attitudes toward having and raising children

Sexual satisfaction

For many couples, a belief in the religious or spiritual value of marriage

72
Q

Rewards

A

include the amount of fun people experience during sex, pleasurable physical sensations from touching and caressing, and feeling comfortable with their partners

73
Q

Costs

A

include too-infrequent sexual activity and poor sexual communication with their partners.

74
Q

For _____, sexual satisfaction is positively correlated with orgasmic consistency and the frequency with which partners stimulate their genitals, and negatively correlated with masturbation

A

women

75
Q

For ______, sexual satisfaction is positively correlated with the frequency of penile–vaginal intercourse and their partner’s orgasm.

A

men

76
Q

Women in their ____’s were somewhat more likely to reach orgasm than younger and older women

A

40

77
Q

Extramarital Sex

A

Some have affairs to break the routine of confining marriages

Husbands and wives who engage in affairs often report that they’re not satisfied with or fulfilled by their marital relationships

Middle-aged people may have affairs to boost their self-esteem, or to prove that they’re still attractive.

78
Q

Extramarital sex (aka affair)

A

Sexual relations between a married person and someone other than his or her spouse

79
Q

conventional adultery (infidelity or cheating)

A

Extramarital sex that is kept hidden from one’s spouse

80
Q

swinging (mate swapping)

A

Both spouses share extramarital sexual experience

81
Q

United States suggest that infidelity occurs in 20% to ___% of all marriages

A

25

82
Q

Effects of Extramarital Sex

A

range of emotional responses

filled with anger, jealousy, or even shame

83
Q

A wife’s affair

A

especially if the husband perceives that it was motivated primarily by sexual desire and attraction, may be an often unforgivable blow to his ego or pride

84
Q

Swinging

A

Most swingers seek to avoid emotional entanglements with their swinging partners, but they may fail to separate their emotions from their sexual activities

85
Q

polyamory

A

Any form of open relationship that allows for consensual sexual and / or emotional interactions with more than one partner

86
Q

The average age

A
  1. 6 years for men and

83. 8 years for women

87
Q

Research doesn’t support the belief that people inevitably lose their

A

sexuality as they age

88
Q

sexual behaviour _____ as people got older, they also found that positive attitudes toward sexuality and satisfaction with relationships were important factors in determining the frequency of sexual activity with partners.

A

decreased

89
Q

Changes in the Female with age

A

Many of the physical changes in women stem from the decline in estrogen production around menopause.

  • uterus decreases in size, no longer becoming so congested during sexual arousal.
  • vaginal walls lose a great deal of elasticity
  • less vaginal lubrication after menopause
  • vagina shrinks in size, while the labia majora lose a great deal of their fatty deposits and become thin
90
Q

Changes in the Male with age

A

After 50 men take progressively longer to achieve erections

  • erections become less firm
  • require minutes of direct penile stimulation to achieve.
  • Sperm production tends to decline
  • refractory period tends to lengthen with age
91
Q

Several factors play a role in declining sexual activity

A

including physical problems, boredom, and cultural attitudes

92
Q

True / False

having young, toned bodies and quickly responding genitalia had little to do with satisfying sexual relationships.

A

True

93
Q

In the lecture, this is taught as

A

Intergrative model of psychsexual development

  • Development of continuous process
  • But even adult phase is not static
94
Q

Piece 1 of model: Chromosomal

A

Message carried by X & Y sex chromosome of male

-joins X of ovum and results in XX (girl) or XY (boy)

95
Q

Piece 1 of model: Fetal gonads

A

Testes at 6 weeks

Ovaries at 12 weeks (late, to give time for processes to ensue)

96
Q

Piece 1 of model: Fetal hormone / fetal hormonal

A

Genital dimorphism (internal and external)

Testes get Wolffian ducts to turn on
Mullerian system = women system

Without fetal hormones, it defaults to female form

Both men and women produce androgens (men producing far more)

97
Q

Piece 1 of model: Other behaviours (in the loop)

A

Baby’s sex based on genital dimorphism (penis = boy)

Social influences determine how boys and girls are sperate (blue for boys, pink for girls)

Series of choices to enforce label of gender: the name, pronoun, actions, comments (this helps gender identity)

98
Q

Piece 1 of model: Body Image

A

Concept of physical self (how we visualize or imagine our bodies)

  • Strongly influences by others (normal vs abnormal, fit into the flock)
  • Body image contributes to gender identity (trans people mismatch physical with identity)
99
Q

Piece 1 of model: Brain dimorphism

A

Fetal hormones induce genital dimorphism
-BUT also sexual brain dimorphism
Findings between male and female brains comes from nonhuman experiments
-fetal hormones cause different brain development but this is highly controversial

100
Q

Brain dimorphism is subject to major modifications through ______ and ______ factors

A

Learning and social factors

we are not A or B, we are both

101
Q

Child’s gender identity

A

How the child defines itself as man, women, other

- if one does not fit the dichotomy it can be confusing (not a man or women)

102
Q

Child’s gender role

A

Product of its own gender identity as behaviours of others

-Canadian twin boys study where a boy got penis cut off, they raised him as a girl and he took on very girlish qualities

103
Q

Child’s gender roles etc

A

Parents treat babies differently according to their sex / gender
Girls get rewarded for attractiveness
Boys get rewarded for physical performance

Bio plays a role, but not a major one

104
Q

Menarche

A
  1. 8 median, range 5-6 years boths side
    - Starting at younger age, one doesnt know why it starts
    - perhaps due to diet, stress, interaction with boys
105
Q

Girls order of puebrty

A 
Growth of breasts (7-13)
Growth of pubic hair (8-14)
Body growth (9.5-14.5)
Menarche (10-16.5)
Underarm hair (2 years after pubic)
Oil and sweat glands - acne (same as under arm)
106
Q

Boys order of puberty

A

Growth of testes and scrotal sac (10-13.5)
Growth of pubic hair (10-15)
Body growth (10.5-16)
Growth of the penis (11-14.5)
Changes in voice (same as penis growth)
Facial and under arm hair (two years after pubic)
Oil and sweat producing glands - acne (same as under arm hair)

Testosterone is major culprit

107
Q

Puebertal morphology

A

Secondary sex characteristics start around age 9 or 10

  • due to adrenarche
  • sexual interest begins with adrenarche
108
Q

Girls response to estrogen

A

Breasts develop, fat deposits on hips and mons pubis

109
Q

Boys response to androgen

A

body build, larynx, facial hair

110
Q

Early and late maturers

A

Treated as they are perceived

  • early breast development = available for sexual sense
  • Approached for sex before emotionally or cognitively ready
  • Leads to early dating and early intercourse

Boys who mature late are often excluded in sports and leadership roles

111
Q

First interest in sex awakens around age ____

A

10 (adrenarche)

112
Q

Meaning of childhood sexuality

A
  • It is all subjective

- Kids are often not aware of significance of acts or reasons for them (imitation, play, attention)

113
Q

About __ in __ adults admit they engaged in young sexual behaviours (but not often)

A

1 out of 2 adults

-child masturbation, nudity, etc for pleasure

114
Q

Parents as sources of sexual information

A

Set examples for the child

  • physical ways they relate to each other
  • acceptability of nudity, judgment of bodies, touch, public intimacy
115
Q

Girls get more info from _____ than boys from _____

A 
Girls = mothers
boys = father (but not as much)
116
Q

2008 research from canada

A

45% teens regarded parents as role models

-school was most valuable for sex ed, friends being 2nd

117
Q

Frappier et al.

A

Control f in the slides

118
Q

Sex ed in school

A

Controversial

  • some parents want to resist
  • waiting until 14+ is too late for some (boys 31% and 21% of girls engage in sex before 14)
119
Q

Taking a college / university sex course

A
  • improved interpersonal relationships
  • comfort in talking about sex
  • improved romantic relationships
  • reduction in homophobia

Study of couples

  • less secretive about sex
  • more comfortable with sexuality
  • increased communication
  • willingness to try new behaviours or positions
120
Q

Sexual attitudes with young people

A
  • Most accept premarital sex (increase from 1975-1995)

- 77% of males into casual sex, whereas 51% of women say its okay

121
Q

Bibby Canadian adolescents

A
  • petting is okay on the first date (27 agreed)
  • after a few dates, petting is okay 84%

-First date intercourse:11% said okay, 19%M, 3% women
“like each other”

122
Q

Queen’s canada youth and aids study (king et al)

A

75% of grade 11’s and college / university said yes to sex before marriage

123
Q

Promiscous women

A

Engaged in premarital sex (not being a finance) - 1950’s women
-Now, defined as women having multiple partners without commitment

124
Q

Negative reputation

A

MANY YOUNG WOMEN WORRY ABOUT THIS

  • Less men worry
  • Adolescents often worry about parents finding out more than for friends (women more than men)
125
Q

Player

A

Male with multiple sexual partners, have negative ways to target them and have sex and abandoned then
-Hanging out in front of religious schools to pick up women

126
Q

Changes in adolescent sexual behaviours

A

Yes!

127
Q

Mean age of 1st intercourse and 1st oral sex

A

Age 15

128
Q

How sexual experience has not changed

A

Women still expected to act as gatekeepers

-The women’s experience is predictive if shell have college sex (no prior experience means no sex usually)

129
Q

Popular places to have sex

A

Own house
Partner’s house
Car

130
Q

Guessing sex amounts

A

Virgins assume more people around them have sex

Girls overestimate Boy’s sexual experiences

131
Q

Which comes first, sex drive or relationships?

A

For women, relationships first, sex drive later

132
Q

Greatest change in sexual behaviour is widespread acceptance of

A

Oral sex (tongue punch that fart box)

133
Q

Why girls worry about receiving oral sex (cunnilingus)

A

What their vulvae looks like

134
Q

Canadian study (O’sullivan)

A

Higher levels of texting mediated both oral sex and sexual intercourse over time

135
Q

Technical virgins

A

Avoid penile-vaginal intercourse for moral reasons out of pregnancy, but engage in other sexual acts (manual, oral, or anal stimulation to orgasm)

  • helps relieve sexual tension, and allows for learning response pattern’s of partner’s
  • can be used as a birth control (no hotdog in the hole)
136
Q

Teen pregnancy

A

Tendency to keep the baby, but consequences include completing school, getting well-paying job

Hard to afford, poverty is an issue for a child

Psychology 353: Human Sexuality (8 decks)

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