Chapter 3: Female and Male Anatomy Flashcards
Phallic symbols
Images of the penis that are usually suggestive of generative power
Penis
The male organ of sexual intercourse
Corpora Cavernoas
Two cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis that becomes congested with blood and stiffen during sexual arousal
Corpus spongiosum
The spongy body that runs along the bottom of the penis, contains the penile urethra, and enlarges at the tip of the penis to form the glans
Corona
The ridge that separates the glans from the body of the penis
Frenulum
The sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft
Root
The base of the penis, which extends into the pelvis
Shaft
Body of the penis, which expands as a result of vasocongestion
Foreskin
Loose skin that covers the penile glans in an uncircumcised male. AKA Prepuce
Circumscision
Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
32% of male newborns are circumcised
Pros to cirumscision
Circumcision lessens the risk of infections of the urinary tract, including infections by HPV and HIV, and even the risk of prostate cancer, whose development appears to be facilitated by infections
Other studies have found that circumcised males are about 30% less likely to contract genital herpes
15% less likely to develop prostate cancer than those who had not
Phimosis
Abnormal condition in which the foreskin is so tight that it cannot be withdrawn from the glands
Average length of erect penis
average erect penis was 5.16 inches
Average length of flaccid penis
average erect penis was 5.16 inches
Scrotum
Pouch of loose skin that contains the testes. It comes from the same linguistic root as the word “shred” which means “a long narrow strip”
Spermatic cord
The cord that suspends a testes within the scrotum and contains a vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and the cremaster muscle
Vas deferens
Tube that conducts sperm from the testes to ejaculatory duct of the penis
Cremaster msucle
The msucle that raises and lowers the testciles in response to temperature change and sexual stimulation
The testes serve two functions
they secrete sex hormones and they produce mature germ cells
Sperm
The male germ cell, which fertilizes the ovum (aka spermatozoon)
Androgens
The male sex hormones
Testosterone
A male steroid sex hormone
Secondary sex characteristics
Traits that distinguish the genders but are not directly involved in reproduction
Seminiferous tubule
A tiny, winding, sperm-producing tube located within the lobe of the testis (tightly packed)
Spermatogenesis
The process which sperm cells are produced and developed
-mature sperm have half of genetic material needed for a baby
The union of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome leads to the development of a
Male offspring
Two X chromosomes combine to yield
a female offspring.
Epididymis
A tube that lies against the back wall of the tesicle and serves as a storage facility for the sperm (for as long as 6 weeks before they die out)
Vasectomy
A sterilization in which the vas deferens (deferentia) are severed
Seminal vesicles
A small gland that lies behind the bladder and secretes a fluid that combines with sperm in the ejecualtory duct
Ejaculatroy ducts
A duct formed by the convergence of vas deferens and a seminal vesicle. Sperm travels via the ejaculatory duct through the prostate gland and into the urethra
Andropause
A decline in testosterone resulting in symptoms such as reduced energy, muscle mass, and desire for sex as well as problems with erection
Human growth hormone (HGH)
A hormone that helps maintain muscle strength and that may help prevent fat buildup
Prostate gland
The gland that lies beneath the bladder and secretes prostatic fluid, which gives semen its characteristic odour and texture (large chestnuts)
Cowper’s gland
A structure that lies below the prostate and empties its secretion into the urethra during sexual arousal (secrete an alkaline, clear, sticky substance to help with PH, normally no sperm but a few sperm can get into this secretion)
Semen
The whitish fluid that constitutes the ejaculate, consisting of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and cowper’s gland
70:30 ratio
Urologist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urogenital system
Urethritis
An inflammation of the bladder or urethra
-symptoms include frequent urination (urinary frequency), a strong need to urinate (urinary urgency), burning during urination, and a penile discharge
Testicular Cancer (not very common)
Yet it’s the most common form of solid-tumour cancer to strike men between the ages of 20 and 34.
Cryptorchidism
A condition in which at least one of the testciles fails to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum (1-7 males in birth)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from hormonal changes associated with aging, rather than from other causes such as inflammation due to STIs.
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian men
CRAZY
Age
Prostate cancer is rare below the age of 45. The risk rises rapidly after the age of 50, and most men with the disorder are 65 or older.
Family history
The risk is higher for men who have a father, brother, or son who has had the disease.
Mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes
Mutations in these genes are why breast and ovarian cancers are significantly more common in some families. It is believed that mutations in these genes may also heighten the risk of prostate cancer in men.
Race/ethnicity
Men of African ancestry are at higher risk for prostate cancer than men of European ancestry, and men of Asian origin have lower rates
Erection
The enlargement and stiffening of the penis as a consequence of its engorgement with blood
Performance anxiety
Feelings of worry about being able to function successfully with respect to sexual activity (or any other activity that might be judged by another person)
Sacrum
The thick, triangular bone located near the bottom of the spinal column
Men of African ancestry are at higher risk for prostate cancer than men of European ancestry, and men of Asian origin have lower rates
The division of the nervous system that regulates automatic bodily processes, such as heartbeat, pupil dilation, respiration, and digestion
Somatic
The division of the nervous system that regulates voluntary movements, such as wiggling a toe or waving an arm
Sympathetic nervous system
is in command during processes that involve a release of bodily energy from stored reserves, such as running, performing some other athletic task, or being gripped by fear or anxiety. The sympathetic branch also governs general mobilization of the body, by increasing the heart rate and respiration rate in response to threat, for example.
Parasympathetic nervous system
branch is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy, such as digestion. When we experience fear or anxiety, the sympathetic branch of the ANS quickens the heart rate. When we relax, the parasympathetic branch curbs the heart rate. The parasympathetic branch activates digestive processes, but the sympathetic branch inhibits digestive activity.
Peyronie’s disease
have excessive curvature that can make erection painful and enjoyment of coitus difficult.
Priapism
Persistent and painful erections of the penis
Priapism is often caused by leukemia, sickle-cell anaemia, or diseases of the spinal cord, although in some cases the cause remains unknown
Orgasm
The climax of sexual excitement
Paraplegia
Sensory and motor paralysis of the lower half of the body
Emission stage
The first phase of ejaculation, which involves contractions of the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the upper part of the vas deferens
Urethral bulb
Small tube that makes up the prostatic part of the urethral tract. It balloons out as muscles close at either end, trapping semen prior to ejaculation
Expulsion stage
Second stage of ejaculation, during which muscles at the base of the penis and elsewhere contract rhythmically, forcefully expelling semen and providing pleasure
Retrograde ejaculation
Ejaculation in which the ejaculate empties into the bladder
Vulva (aka pudendum (place of shame))
The external sexual structures of the female
vulva consists of the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, the clitoris, and the vaginal opening
Mons veneris (AKA mons pubis or mons)
Mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone.
- which is the joining of the pelvic bones at the front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clitoris.
- Gets pubic hair
Labia majora
Large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva (outer lips)
-shield the labia minora and the urethral and vaginal openings.
Labia minora
Hairless, light-coloured folds of skin located between the labia majora
- rich in sensory receptors
- change with arousal and orgasm
Clitoris
Female sex organ consisting of a shaft and a glans, located above the urethral opening (extremely sensitive)
-glans varies in size, typically <15mm
Corpora cavernosa
Masses of spongy tissue in the clitoral shaft that become engorged with blood and stiffen in response to sexual stimulation
(clitoris)
Prepuce
The fold of skin covering the glans of the clitoris
Clitoridectomy
Surgical removal of the clitoris
Excision
partial or complete removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without removal of the labia majora
Infibulation
narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a seal formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris
Urethral opening
The opening through which urine passes from the female’s body
Cystitis
An inflammation of the urinary bladder
Introitus
The vaginal opening
Hymen
A fold of tissue across the vaginal opening that is usually present at birth and remains at least partly intact until a women engages in sexual intercourse
- named the maidenhead, test to see if you are a virgin (virginity)
- But it can rip naturally in sports
Perineum
The skin and underlying tissue that lies between the vaginal opening and the anus
Episitomy
Surgical incision in the perineum that may be made during childbirth, to protect the vagina from tearing
vagina’s normal acidity
(pH 4.0 to 5.0).
Douche
Application of a jet liquid to the vagina as a rinse
Vaginitis
Vaginal inflammation
The Gräfenberg spot, or G spot
a part of the vagina—a bean-shaped area in the anterior (front) wall that may have special erotic significance
-Highly controversial
Cervix
The lower end of the uterus
Os
The opening in the middle of the cervix
Uterus
The hollow, uscular, pear-shaped organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops until birth
- has three layers (3 layers) innermost layer being the endometrium
Radiotherapy
Treatment of a disease by X-rays or by emissions from a radioactive substance
Pap Test
Examination of a sample of cervical cells for cervical cancer and other abnormalities
Ovum
Egg cell
Endometirum
The innermost layer of the uterus
Endometriosis
Condition caused by the growth of endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity, or elsewhere outside the uterus, and characterized by menstrual pain
Hysterectomy
Surgical removal of the uterus
-One in three women in the United States has a hysterectomy by the age of 60
Complete hysterectomy
Surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus
Fallopian tubes
Tubes that extend from the upper uterus toward the ovaries, conducting ova to the uterus
(if fertilization occurs, it happens here)
Ectopic pregnancies
A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes
The ovaries
Almond shaped organs that produce ova and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Part of the endocrine system, the hormones are
Estrogen
Generic term for the female sex hormone or synthetic compounds that promote the development of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle
(consists of estradiol, estriol, and estrone)
Progesterone
Steroid hormone that stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and is involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle
Follicle
A capsule within an ovary, containing an ovum
Pelvic examination,
the physician first examines the woman externally for irritations, swellings, abnormal vaginal discharges, and clitoral adhesions. The physician normally inserts a speculum to help inspect the cervix and vaginal walls for discharges (which can be signs of infection), discolouration, lesions, or growths
Secondary sex characterisitcs
Traits that distinguish women from men but are not directly involved in reproduction
Mammary glands
Milk-secreting glands
Areola
Dark ring on the breast that encircles the nipple
Breast cancer
most commonly diagnosed cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers) and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death
Cysts
Sac like structures filled with fluid or diseased material
Benign tumours
Doing little or no harm
Malignant tumours
Lethal, causing or likely to cause of death
Mammography
A special type of X-ray that detects cancerous lumps in the breast
The human menstrual cycle averages ___ days in length
28 (28-32 days)
Four phases of the menstrual cycle
1) Proliferative phase (estrogen levels increase, causing the ripening of perhaps 10 to 20 ova)
2) Ovulatory phase: estrogen reaches peak blood levels, and ovulation occurs
3) secretory, or luteal, phase: begins right after ovulation, and continues through the beginning of the next cycle (If the ovum goes unfertilized, the estrogen and progesterone levels plummet)
4) menstrual phase, which leads to the beginning of a new cycle.
Ovulation
The process by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum
Release of the ovum from the ovary and makes it way into the fallopian tube
Corpus luteum
An ovarian follicle that has released an ovum.
The corpus luteum remains in existence only if pregnancy begins
-Without fertilization the corpus luteum degenerates (due to degeneration, both estrogen and progesterone decrease)
Endocrine gland
A gland that secretes a hormone into the blood, rather into the duct
Manarche
First menstrual period
Hypothalamus
Bundle of neural cell bodies involved in regulating body temperature, motivation, and emotion (located near centre of brain)
Pituitary gland (master gland)
The gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and other hormones
Hormones
A substance secreted by an endocrine gland to regulate various body functions
Proliferative phase (aka pre-ovulatory or follicular phase)
The first phase of the menstrual cycle, which begins with the end of menstruation and lasts about 9-10 days
Pituitary secretes Follicle Stimulating Hormone which goes into the blood, in response, ovaries secretes estrogen
The estrogen facilitates the regrowth of the endometrial lining in prep for ovum, estrogen also impacts cervical mucus which thins and becomes viscous
Ovulatory phase
The second stage of menstrual cycle, This is when a follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum
Graafian follicle
A mature ovarian follicle that ruptures to discharge an ovum
Zygotes
A fertilized ovum
Identical twins
One fertilized ovum divides into two
Fraternal twins
When two ovum are fetilized
Secretory phase (aka luteal phase)
Third phase of the menstrual cycle.
-Begins to secrete large amounts of progesterone and estrogen after ovulation (produced in the CL)
LH stimulates ruptured follicle to develop into corpus luteum (CL)
Progesterone induces endometrial to secrete glycogen (nutrient fluid) (this inhibits LH production)
Menstrual phase
Fourth phase of menstrual cycle, when the endometrium is sloughed off in the menstrual flow
Menstruation
the passing of the lining through the cervix and vagina
Tampons
Cylindrical plug of cotton that is inserted into the vagina and left in place to absorb menstrual fluid
Menopause
The cessation of menstruation (ages of 46 and 50 and lasts for about two years) (permanent cessation of periods, no period for 1 or more year)
Perimenopause
The beginning of menopause, usually characterized by 3 to 11 months of amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) or irregular periods. Perimenopause ends with menopause
Climacteric
A long term process, inducing menopause, that involved the gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Postmenopausal replacement of naturally occurring estrogen or estrogen and progesterone with synthetic (or sometimes natural) equivalents
About ___% of Canadian women report that they usually experience extremely painful menstrual periods
30
Dysmenorrhea (most common)
Pain or discomfort during menstruation (pelvic cramps are most common pain)
-orgasm can relief this
Primary dysmenorrhea
Menstrual pain or discomfort that occurs in the absence of known organic problems
Secondary dysmenorrhea
Menstrual pain or discomfort caused by identified organic problems (Endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ovarian cysts)
Prostaglandins
Hormones that cause muscle fibers in the uterine wall to contract, as during labour
Mastalgia
A swelling of the breasts that sometimes causes premenstrual discomfort
Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation (primary sign of infertility)
Primary amenorrhea
absence of menstruation in a woman who has not menstruated at all by about the age of 16 or 17
Secondary amenorrhea
delayed or absent menstruation in a woman who’s had regular periods in the past.
Anorexia nervosa
Psychological disorder characterized by a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
combination of symptoms such as minor psychological distress, muscle tension, and aches or pains that may affect a woman during the four- to six-day interval that precedes her menses each month.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
A diagnosis in APA, to describe cases of PMS that are characterized by severe changes in mood and impairment of functioning at work, school ,s coail relationships
Everything beyond is from Lecture
DOWN DOWN DOWN< BABY ARE YOU?
Why one testes hangs lower
Saves you from banging your balls together
Tunica Albuginea
tight, white fibrous sheath, inelastic, wrapped around testsicles
Leydig’s cells
Between seminiferous tubules (interstitial cells)
Two ejaculatory ducts
Travel through prostate gland, come together and form a single urethra
penis consists of 3 parallel cylinders
2 cavernous bodies and 1 spongy body
Glans
Tip of penis basically
-smooth, round head, lots of nerve endings
Smegma
Cheesy deposit
-dirt, urine, glandular deposit
Penis size
Needs to be large enough to function
-women prefer width over length
Long term penis size
Length 6.3”, circumference 4.8”
Short term penis size
Length 6.4”, circumference 5.0”
Erection sizes vary from:
2-14 inches ( 2015 average was 5.2 inches long, 4.6 inches circumference)
Erection
- Reflex in the spinal cord (2 inputs)
- Input from brain
Ejaculation
Impulses go to the ejaculation centres (same area of the spine as erection centers)
Ejaculation and orgasm can happen separately
Orgasms can occur in infants too.
Reading 4
-Aim. To investigate whether the self-reported G-spot has an underlying genetic basis
-We found 56% of women reported having a G-spot.
-older women less frequently
reporting the existence of a G-spot compared with
younger women
-personality domains
“extraversion” and “openness (more likely)
-confounders including social class,
education levels, other aspects of personality, emotional intelligence, number of partners, and frequency of sex during the past 3 months were not
significantly associated with reporting a G-spot
During sexual excitement, the labia majora ____ and ____ during arousal
Separate and flatten
after a number of children the lips may not spread as much
Labiaplasty
Modification of their labia to conform to what they believe is the ideal shape or preferred shape
During sexual arousal / excitement, the clitoris
- engorges with blood causing it to largen
- During advanced stages of arousal the clitrois retracts under the hoood
First time intercourse
Muscle tension from anxiety or being unprepared
- unlubricated (dry) vagina that creates friction
- clumsy attempts at penetration
- arousal system is influences by experience
Menstruation occurs in
Female humans, apes, and some monkeys
-all other animals have an estrus or ovarian cycle, which typically does not involve uterine bleeding
Menarche
Point in puberty where menstruation can begin to occur (may be irregular until about age 20)
Factors that can disrupt menstrual cycle
Prolonged and severe stress
Bodily changes centered on ovulation (preparation)
-Preparation and maintenance of uterus for implantation of egg
Alkalinity is a
good thing! Sperm likes this
High estrogen turns _____ FSH production
Off (negative feedback system)
High estrogen causes ________
luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF) and LH production (positive feedback system)
LH surge leads to
release of ovum within 12-24 hours
Menses
Low levels of estrogen triggers menstrual flow or Menses (this triggers increase in FSH which starts cycle)
-lasts 3-7 days, sheds blood, mucus, endometrial tissue (60ml of blood)
Menopause symptoms
10% have very serious symptoms
- Instability in vasomotor system (include hot flashes or chills)
- dizziness, headaches, heart palpitations, chest pain
Change of life
Another term for menopause
-leads to depression, due to loss of children capacity and children leaving home
Clitoris size
There is no known connection between clitoris size and sensitivity to sexual stimulation
Vesibule
area within the labia minora that contains the openings to the vagina and the urethra
Sphincters
Ring-shaped muscles that surround body openings, which are open or close by expanding or contracting
Crura
wing-shaped, leg-like structures that attach the clitoris to the pubic bone beneath. The crura contain corpora cavernosa, which engorge with blood and stiffen during sexual arousal.
Vestibular bulbs
Cavernous structures that extend downward along the sides of the introitus and swell during sexual arousal
Vagina definition
The tubular female sex organ that contains the penis during sexual intercourse and through which a baby is born
Bartholin’s glands
Glands that lie just inside the minor lips and secrete fluid before orgasm
pubococcygeus muscle
The muscle that encircles the entrance to the vagina
The vaginal walls have ___ layers
3 (Inner lining (Vaginal Mucosa), middle lining, outer / deep layer)
Breast size
It’s the amount of this fatty tissue—not the amount of glandular tissue—that largely determines breast size
-Women vary little in their amount of glandular tissue, so breast size does not determine how much milk they can produce.
lumpectomy
Surgical removal of a (usually cancerous) lump from the breast (spares the breast)
mastectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of breast
