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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4: Prefixes > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Prefixes Flashcards

1
Q

An/o

A

Anus

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2
Q

Carp/o

A

Carpals (wrist bones)

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3
Q

Cis/o

A

To cut

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4
Q

Cost/o

A

Ribs (costals)

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5
Q

Cutane/o

A

Skin

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6
Q

Dur/o

A

Dura mater of meninges (outermost layer)

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7
Q

gen/o

A

To produce

To begin

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8
Q

Nat/i

A

Birth

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9
Q

Norm/o

A

Rule

Order

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10
Q

Plas/o

A

Development
Formation
Growth

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11
Q

Scapul/o

A

Scapula (shoulder blade)

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12
Q

Son/o

A

Sound

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13
Q

Thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

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14
Q

Top/o

A

To put, place, position

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15
Q

Troph/o

A

Development

Nourishment

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16
Q

Ven/o

A

Vein

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17
Q

-ation

A

Process

Condition

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18
Q

-cision

A

Process of cutting

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19
Q

-crine

A

Secretion

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20
Q

-dipsia

A

Thirst

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21
Q

-gen

A

To produce

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22
Q

-ia

A

Condition

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23
Q

-ine

A

Pertaining to

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24
Q

-ism

A

Condition

Process

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25
Q

-lapse

A

To fall, slide

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26
Q

-lysis

A

Loosening
Breakdown
Separation
Desctruction

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27
Q

-meter

A

Measure

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28
Q

-mission

A

To send

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29
Q

-mortem

A

Death

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30
Q

-oma

A

Mass or tumor

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31
Q

-ous

A

Pertaining to

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32
Q

-partum

A

Birth

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33
Q

-pathy

A

Disease condtion

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34
Q

-phagia

A

Eating

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35
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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36
Q

-plasia

A

Formation (condition)

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37
Q

-plasm

A

Formation (tissue)

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38
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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39
Q

-pnea

A

Breathing

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40
Q

-rrhea

A

Flow

Discharge

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41
Q

-section

A

To cut

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42
Q

-stasis

A

To stand, place, stop, control

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43
Q

-tension

A

Pressjure

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44
Q

-thesis

A

To put, place (state of putting or placing)

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45
Q

-tic

A

Pertaining to

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46
Q

-trophy

A

Development

Nourishment

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47
Q

-um

A

Structure

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48
Q

-y

A

Process

Condition

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49
Q

A-, an-

A

No
Not
Without

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50
Q

Ab-

A

Away from

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51
Q

Ad-

A

Toward

Near

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52
Q

Ana-

A

Up, apart

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53
Q

Ante-

A

Before

Forward

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54
Q

Anti-

A

Against

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55
Q

Bi-

A

two

Both

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56
Q

Brady-

A

Slow

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57
Q

Con-

A

Together

With

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58
Q

Dia-

A

Complete

Through

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59
Q

Dys

A

Bad
Difficult
Painful
Abnormal

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60
Q

Ec-

A

Out

Outside

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61
Q

Endo-

A

Within
In
Inner

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62
Q

Epi-

A

Above

Upon

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63
Q

Ex-

A

Out

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64
Q

Extra-

A

Outside of

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65
Q

Hemi-

A

Half

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66
Q

Hyper-

A

Excessive
Too much
Above

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67
Q

Hypo

A

Deficient
Too little
Below

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68
Q

In-

A

In

Into

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69
Q

Inter-

A

Between

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70
Q

Intra-

A

Within

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71
Q

Mal-

A

Bad

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72
Q

Meta-

A

Change

Beyond

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73
Q

Ign (word root)

A

“Fire”; root of malIGNant and benIGN.
Mal = Bad; a malignant tumor spreads like wildfire
Ben = good; a benign tumor does not spread

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74
Q

Neo-

A

New

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75
Q

Para-

A

Beside
Near
Along the side of

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76
Q

Peri-

A

Surrounding

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77
Q

poly-

A

Many

Much

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78
Q

Post-

A

After

Behind

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79
Q

Pre-

A

Before

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80
Q

Pro-

A

Before

Forward

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81
Q

Quadri-

A

Four

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82
Q

Re-

A

Back

Behind

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83
Q

Retro-

A

Back

Behind

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84
Q

Sub-

A

Under

Less than

85
Q

Syn-

A

With

Together

86
Q

Tachy-

87
Q

Trans-

A

Across

Through

88
Q

Tri-

89
Q

Ultra-

90
Q

Uni-

91
Q

Apnea

A

“No breathing”; occurs when breathing suddenly stops while sleeping

92
Q

Aphasia

A

“No speech”; a stroke affecting the language area of the brain can produce this condition

93
Q

Atrophy

A

“No development”; disuse of a muscle can result in muscular atrophy; muscles shrink as cells decrease in size

94
Q

Anemia

A

“No blood”; decrease in RBCs

95
Q

Amenorrhea

A

“No menses”; no menstrual flow

96
Q

Abnormal

A

“Pertaining to away from rule”; away from normal

97
Q

Adrenal glands

A

“Near kidney glands”; sit on top of kidneys

98
Q

TYPES OF ANEMIA

  1. Aplastic anemia
  2. Hemolytic anemia
  3. Iron deficiency anemia
  4. Pernicious anemia
  5. Sickle cell anemia
A
  1. Aplastic anemia - bone marrow fails to produce RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
  2. Hemolytic anemia - RBCs are destroyed (-LYTIC) and bone marrow cannot compensate for their loss
  3. Iron deficiency anemia - Low iron levels lead to low hemoglobin or deficiency of RBCs
  4. Pernicious anemia - Mucous membrane of stomach fails to produce substance (intrinsic factor) that is necessary fr absorption of Vitamin B12 and proper formation of RBCs
  5. Sickle cell anemia - RBCs assume an abnormal crescent shape; they clump together causing clots that block blood vessels
99
Q

Analysis

A

“Break apart”

100
Q

Antepartum

A

Before birth

101
Q

Antigen

A

“Produce against”; antigens are foreign substances that enter the body (i.e., bacteria, viruses) and stimulate WBCs to produce antibodies that act against antigens

102
Q

Antibody

A

“Body against”; a protein made by WBCs—literally a “body” working “against” foreign substances

103
Q

Urinalysis

A

The separation of urine to determine its components.

TYPICAL URINALYSIS: 
Color: light yellow
Clarity: Clear
pH: slightly acidic 
Protein: very slight
Sugar: None
ABNORMAL URINALSYS:
Color: red (hematuria)
Clarity: cloudy (infection)
pH: alkaline (infection)
Protein: proteinuria (renal disease)
Sugar: glycosuria (diabetes mellitus)
104
Q

Antibiotic

A

“Pertaining to against life”; similar to antibodies, but produced OUTSIDE the body by microorganisms and primitive plants called molds.

Examples: penicillin, erythromycin

105
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

106
Q

Bradycardia

A

“Slow heart”; heart beats slow

107
Q

Congenital

A

“Produce together”; a congenital anomaly is an irregularity (anomaly) present at birth.

Examples: webbed fingers or toes, heart defects

108
Q

Diarrhea

A

“Flow through”; feces are loose and watery; normal water reabsorption through the walls of the colon is impaired

109
Q

Dyspnea

A

Abnormal breathing

110
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty eating

111
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development

112
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Abnormal flow of menses

113
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

114
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

“Pregnancy pertaining to position outside”; when a pregnancy occurs outside of the uterus—the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, inner lining of uterus, surface of peritoneum

115
Q

What is the difference between -PHAGIA, -PHASIA, and -PLASIA?

A
  • phagia: esophagus
  • phasia: speech
  • plasia: formation
116
Q

TYPES OF ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES

  1. Arthroscopy
  2. Bronchoscopy
  3. Colonoscopy
  4. Cystoscopy
  5. Esophagogastroscopy
  6. Hysteroscopy
  7. Laparoscopy
  8. Mediastinoscopy
  9. Sigmoidoscopy
A
  1. Arthroscopy - visual examination of a joint
  2. Bronchoscopy - visual examination of the bronchial tube
  3. Colonoscopy - visual examination of the colon
  4. Cystoscopy - visual examination of the bladder
  5. Esophagogastroscopy - visual examination of the esophagus and stomach
  6. Hysteroscopy - visual examination of the uterus
  7. Laparoscopy - visual examination of the abdomen
  8. Mediastinoscopy - visual examination of the mediastinum
  9. Sigmoidoscopy - visual examination of the sigmoid colon
117
Q

Endoscopy

A

Visual examination within the body

118
Q

Where are the adrenal glands? What hormone do they secrete?

A
  1. Above the kidneys; LUQ and RUQ

2. Adrenaline (epinephrine)

119
Q

Where are the ovaries? What hormones do they secrete?

A
  1. Bilateral to the uterus; LLQ and RLQ

2. Estrogen and progesterone

120
Q

Where is the pancreas? What hormone does it secrete?

A
  1. RUQ, posterior to the liver

2. Insulin

121
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands? What hormone do they secrete?

A
  1. Quadrilateral to the thyroid; posterior the thyroid

2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

122
Q

Where is the pituitary gland? What hormones does it secrete?

A
  1. Inferiorly and medially to the cerebrum, anterior to the cerebellum; superior to the pharynx area
  2. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
123
Q

Where are the testes? What hormone do they secrete?

A
  1. Posterior to the penis, inferior to the urinary bladder

2. Testosterone

124
Q

Where is the thyroid gland? What hormone does it secrete?

A
  1. Anterior to the pharynx and trachea

2. Thyroxine (T4)

125
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

“Mass of blood above dura mater”

126
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

“Mass of blood below the dura mater”

127
Q

Epidermis

A

“Pertaining to above skin”; the outermost layer of skin

128
Q

Dermis

A

“Pertaining to skin”; middle layer of skin

129
Q

Subcutaneous

A

“Pertaining to below the skin”; innermost layer of skin

130
Q

Excision

A

“Process of cutting out”

131
Q

Extrahepatic

A

Pertaining to outside of the liver

132
Q

Hemigastresctomy

A

Excision of half of the stomach

133
Q

Hemiplegia

A

“Paralyzation of half”; when one half (lateral) of the body is paralyzed, usually caused by a CVA or brain lesion (such as a tumor). The resulting paralysis occurs on the side OPPOSITE of the brain disorder

134
Q

Hypertrophy

A

“Excessive growth”; when cells increase in SIZE (NOT number)

135
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and atrophy?

A

Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
Atrophy: decrease in cell size

136
Q

Hypertension

A

“Too much pressure”; also known as high blood pressure.

Risk factors include age, smoking, obesity, heredity, and a stressful lifestyle

137
Q

Intravenous

A

Pertaining to within the vein

138
Q

Incision

A

Process of cutting into

139
Q

Intervertebral

A

Pertaining to between the vertebrae

140
Q

Intrauterine

A

Within the uterus

141
Q

Metastasis

A

“Change of place”; it is the spread of a cancerous tumor from its original pace to a secondary location in the body

142
Q

Metacarpals

A

“Beyond carpals”; Carpals are the wrist bones; metacarpals are the hand bones

143
Q

Neoplasm

A

“New tissue”

144
Q

Neoplastic

A

“New growth”

145
Q

Neonatal

A

“New birth”; neonates are babies who are born prematurely. They are often cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

146
Q

INTENSIVE CARE UNITS

What do these abbreviations mean?

  1. MICU
  2. MSICU
  3. PICU
  4. SICU
  5. NICU
A
  1. Medical intensive care unit
  2. Medical/surgical intensive care unit
  3. Pediatric or psychiatric intensive care unit
  4. Surgical intensive care unit
  5. Neonatal intensive care unit
147
Q

Paralysis

A

“Near loose” or “near separation”; a loss of movement in any part of the body caused by a break in the connection between the nerve and muscle

148
Q

Paraplegia

A

“Near paralysis”; ORIGINALLY this term meant paralysis of any limb or side of the body. Since the nineteenth century, however, is has incited paralysis of the LOWER HALF of the body

149
Q

Periosteum

A

“structure surrounding bone”

150
Q

Perianal

A

Pertaining to surrounding the anus

151
Q

Polyuria

A

“Too much urine”; excessive urination

152
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

“Disease condition of many nerves”; malfunction of many peripheral nerves

153
Q

Polydipsea

A

“Much thirst”; excessive thirst

154
Q

Polyuria and polydipsia are two common symptoms of which disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes)

155
Q

Postpartum

A

“After birth”

156
Q

Postmortem

A

“After death”

157
Q

Precancerous

A

“Before cancer”; an example of a precancerous lesion is a polyp (benign growth) commonly found in the colon. These neoplasms are often removed via colonoscopy because they eventually become malignant.

158
Q

Prolapse

A

“Slide forward”

159
Q

Prosthesis

A

“Place before”; an artificial limb is placed before the limb

160
Q

Ketones

A

Substances made by body if cells don’t get enough glucose

161
Q

Ketoacidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA)

A

Abnormal condition of ketones in the blood or urine (high ketone levels); a complication of diabetes

162
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

163
Q

Relapse

A

“Slide back”; when symptoms of a disease return

164
Q

Exacerbation

A

An increase in the severity of a disease or any of its symptoms

165
Q

Remission

A

“To send back”; symptoms of a disease lessen

166
Q

Resection

A

“Cut back”

167
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Pertaining to behind the peritoneum

168
Q

Subcostal

A

Pertaining to below the costals

169
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Innermost level of the skin

170
Q

Subtotal gastrectomy

A

A partial resection of the stomach

171
Q

Subscapular

A

Pertaining to below the scapula

172
Q

Syndrome

A

“Occurring together”; groups of symptoms or signs of illness that occur together

173
Q

-Drome

A

Occurring or recurring

174
Q

Tachycardia

A

“Heart fast”; heart beats fast

175
Q

Tachypnea

A

“Breathing fast”

176
Q

What are are at least 2 signs and symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? What is the cause of AIDS?

A

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

  1. Severe infections
  2. Malignancy (sarcoma and lymphoma)
  3. Fever
  4. Malaise (discomfort)
  5. Gastrointestinal disturbances

CAUSE
Infection with a virus that damages lymphocytes (WBCs)

177
Q

What are 2 signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome? What causes it?

A

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
1. Pain, tingling, burning, and/or numbness of the hand and wrist

CAUSE
A nerve leading to the hand is compressed by connective tissue fibers in the wrist

178
Q

What are 2 signs or symptoms of Down Syndrome? What causes it?

A

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

  1. Mental retardation
  2. Flat face with short nose
  3. Slanted eyes
  4. Broad hands and feet
  5. Stubby fingers
  6. Protruding lower lip

CAUSE
An extra chromosome is present in each cell of the body

179
Q

What are 2 signs or symptoms of mitral valve prolapse syndrome? What causes it?

A

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

  1. Heart murmurs
  2. Chest pain
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Fatigue

CAUSE
Mitral valve not closing properly

180
Q

What are 2 signs or symptoms or toxic shock syndrome? What causes it?

A

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

  1. Fever
  2. Vomiting
  3. Diarrhea
  4. Rash
  5. Hypotension (low blood pressure)
  6. Shock

CAUSES
Typically caused by a bacterial infection in the vagina of menstruating women using superabsorbant tampons

181
Q

Transabdominal

A

Across the abdomen

182
Q

Transurethral

A

Through urethra

183
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

Benign increase in cell size within prostate

184
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Three-pointed-end valve; on the right side of the heart

185
Q

-cuspid

A

“Pointed end” (as if a spear)

186
Q

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

A

Two-pointed-end valve; on the left side of the heart

187
Q

Describe the process by which blood enters and leaves the heart.

A
  1. Blood enters through the RIGHT ATRIUM from the venae cavae
  2. Blood passes down through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
  3. Blood then travels OUT TO THE LUNGS where is loses CO2 and picks up oxygen
  4. Blood RETURNS to the heart through the LEFT ATRIUM
  5. Blood passes down through MITAL VALVE (bicuspid) ito the LEFT VENTRICLE
  6. Blood is then pumped superiority and out of the heart through the AORTA into the rest of the body.

The vena cava is on the right posterior side of the heart. It extends superiority and inferiorly.
The aorta is the largest heart artery. It is inferior to the rest of the heart, connecting inferiorly to the left ventricle.

Right side = oxygen poor
Left side = oxygen rich

188
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Also known as sonography; “record of sound beyond”; uses sound waves to produce images

189
Q

Unilateral

A

Pertaining to one side

190
Q

Extracranial

A

Outside the skull

191
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Dys- and Mal-

  1. Outside
  2. Good
  3. Bad
192
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
hypo- and sub-

  1. Under
  2. Above
  3. Outside
193
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Epi- and hyper-

  1. Inside
  2. Beneath
  3. Above
194
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Con- and Syn-

  1. Apart
  2. Near
  3. With
195
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Ultra- and meta-

  1. new
  2. Beyond
  3. Without
196
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Ante-, pre-, pro-, pros-

  1. Before
  2. Surrounding
  3. Between
197
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Ec-, extra-

  1. Within
  2. Many
  3. Outside
198
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Endo, intra-, in-

  1. Painful
  2. Within
  3. Through
199
Q

Which meaning is correct for the following:
Post-, re-, retro-

  1. Behind
  2. Slow
  3. Together
200
Q

Dactyl/o

201
Q

Polydactyly

A

Additional digits on the hand

202
Q

Polydactyly occurs as a ________________ anomaly.

A

Congenital

203
Q

After what procedure or condition might intravenous feeding be necessary?

A. Hemodialysis
B. Hemigastrectomy
C. Polyneuropathy
D. Epidural hematoma
E. Ultrasonography
A

B. Hemigastrectomy

204
Q

What dose a continuous positive airway pressure device do?

A

The CPAP device allows the user to maintain adequate oxygen levels while sleeping

205
Q

When would a CPAP device be used?

206
Q

What is the difference between a syndrome and a disease?

A

SYNDROME: A group of signs and symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition, the cause of which is not always known.

DISEASE: A specific medical condition often marked by an identifiable cause. Synonyms include illness, sickness, morbidity.

207
Q

What is the difference between antigens, antibodies, and antibiotics?

A

ANTIGENS: A foreign substance, such as bacteria, virus or fungi, that enters the body and stimulates WBCs to produce an immune response

ANTIBODIES: An immune response produced WITHIN the body to destroy antigens

ANTIBIOTICS: produced OUTSIDE the body and taken as medication to kill or inhibit the growth of antigens

208
Q

What is the difference between remission and relapse?

A

REMISSION: When disease symptoms lessen or become absent

RELAPSE: When disease symptoms return

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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