Chapter 2: Organization of the Body Flashcards
What are the individual units of the body called?
Cells
What are 4 types of cells within the body?
Muscle
Nerve
Skin (epithelial)
Bone
What are groups of similar cells called?
Tissues
What are groups of organs working together called?
Systems
What is the function of the circulatory system?
What are the parts of this system?
- Transport blood throughout the body
2. Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
What is lymph?
What parts of the body are involved?
- Fight against disease and play an important role in immunity
- Clear fluid containing white blood cells called lymphocytes
- Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
How many body systems are there?
11
What are the 11 body systems?
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Female Reproductive
- Musculoskeletal
- Nervous
- Respiratory
- Skin and sense organs
- Urinary
- Male Reproductive
What is the function of the digestive system?
Bring food into the body and break it down so that it can enter the bloodstream.
Food that cannot be broken down is removed from the body at the end of the system as waste.
What is the function of the endocrine system?
To send chemical messengers called hormones into the blood to act on other glands and organs
What is the function of the female and male reproductive systems?
Produce cells (eggs and sperm) that join to form an embryo. Male (testes) and female (ovary) sex organs produce hormones as well
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
What are the parts of this system?
Support the body and allow it to move
Includes muscles, bones, joints, and connective tissues
What is the function of the nervous system?
Carry electrical messaged to and from the brain and spinal cord
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Control breathing, a process by with air enters and leaves the body
What is the function of the skin and sense organ system?
Receive messages from the environment and send them to the brain
Includes skin, eyes, ears
What is the function of the urinary system?
Produces urine and sends it out of the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Order the 5 body cavities from superior to inferior, and anterior to posterior (if applicable)
- Cranial cavity
- Spinal cavity (posterior to pleural and abdominal cavities)
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal
- Pelvic cavity
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Diaphragm (muscle)
Describe the proximity of the following: Larynx Pharynx Esophagus Trachea
The pharynx is superior to the larynx, esophagus, and trachea.
The larynx is superior to the trachea. These two organs are anterior to the esophagus.
Cranial cavity
- What gross organs does it contain?
- Describe the cavities location
- Brain, pituitary gland
2. Located in the head, surrounded by the skull
Thoracic cavity
- What gross organs does it contain?
- Describe the cavities location
- Lungs, heart, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes
2. Inferior to the head; within the chest and rib cage
What are pleura?
A double membrane that surrounds the lungs
What is the mediastinum? What organs does it contain?
- The area between the lungs
2. Heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes
What is the space between the pleural membranes called?
Pleural cavity
Crani/o
Skull
Thoracic/o
Chest
Abdominal cavity
- What gross organs does it contain?
- Describe the cavities location
- Stomach, liver, gall bladder and small and large intestines
- Inferior to the thoracic cavity
What is the peritoneum?
A double membrane surrounding the organs of the abdominal cavity
This membrane attaches to the organs and abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place
Pelvic cavity
- What gross organs does it contain?
- Describe the cavities location
- Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, rectum, anus, and uterus in females
- Inferior to the abdominal cavity; surrounded by hip bones
Spinal cavity
- What gross organs does it contain?
- Describe the cavities location
- Spinal cord
2. Posterior to thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities; inferior to cranial cavity
What is the spinal column?
The vertebrae (backbones) surrounding the spinal cord from the neck to the tailbone
What is the function of the spinal cord?
To carry messages to and from all parts of the body
What is pleural effusion?
When fluid collects in the pleural cavity due to inflammation or disease to organs and membranes
What is ascites?
When fluid collects in the peritoneal cavity due to inflammation or disease to organs and membranes
What is a disc (disk)?
Cartilage that acts as a cushion between the backbones
How many bones are in each category of vertebrae? What are they numbered?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
- Cervical = 7 bones; C1 - C7
- Thoracic = 12 bones; T1 - T12
- Lumbar = 5 bones; L1 - L5
- Sacral = 5 fused bones; S1 - S5
- Coccygeal = 5 fused bones (not numbered)
What are the three planes of the body?
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Sagittal/Lateral Plane
Transverse/Axial Plane
Describe the coronal plane.
Provide an alternative name for this plane.
Vertically divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal Plane
Describe the lateral plane.
Provide an alternative name for this plane.
Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
Sagittal Plane
What is the difference between the sagittal and midsagittal plane?
Sagittal divides the body into right and left
Midsagittal divides the body into equal right and left halves
Describe the axial plane.
Provide an alternative name for this plane.
Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse Plane, cross section
What does MRI stand for? What is it?
Magnetic resonance imaging
Technique for producing images of the body; magnetic waves are used to create images which show organs and other structures in specialized detail in all 3 planes of the body
Abdomin/o
Abdomen
Abdominal
Pertaining to the abdomen
Anter/o
Front
-ior
Pertaining to
Anterior
Pertaining to the front
Bronch/o
bronchial tubes (leading from the trachea to the lungs)
Bronchoscopy
Process of visually examining the bronchial tubes
Cervic/o
Neck (of the body) or neck (of the cervix of the uterus)
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck of the body OR the neck of the uterus (cervix)
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Hypochondriac
“Pertaining to below the cartilage”; pertaining to the area below the abdominal region, the region below the cartilage of the ribs
ALSO REFERS TO a person who experiences unusual anxiety about his or her health and has symptoms that cannot be explained
Coccyge/o
Coccyx (tailbone)
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx
-eal
Pertaining to
Epitheli/o
Skin
Surface tissue
Epithelial
Pertaining to the skin
HOWEVER was first used to describe the surface of the nipple; more correctly, it describes the cells on the outer layer of the skin as well as the lining of internal organs that end to the outside of the body
Epi-
Upon
Theli/o
Nipple
Esophag/o
Esophagus (leads from pharynx to stomach)
Esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
Hepat/o
Liver
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Laryng/o
Larynx (voice box)
Sits superior to trachea
Laryngectomy
Removal or excision of part of the larynx
What is a lumbar puncture? What is an alternate name for it?
Patient lies on their side, knees tucked into chest, chin tucked into chest. Physician inserts a hollow needle between L4 and L5 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is withdrawn or medication is injected. Performing a lumbar puncture at this point avoids injury to the spinal cord.
Also known as a spinal tap.
Later/o
Side
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
Lumb/o
loin (waist)
Lumbar
Pertaining to the waist
Lymph/o
Lymph
Clear fluid in tissue spaces and lymph vessels
Lymphocyte
White blood cells that fight disease
What type of white blood cell is a B cell? What is its function?
Lymphocyte
Produces disease-fighting proteins called antibodies
Mediastin/o
Mediastinum (space between lungs)
Mediastinal
Pertaining to the mediastinum
Pelv/o
Pelvis (bones of the hip)
Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis
Peritone/o
Peritoneum (membrane surrounding abdominal organs)
Pharyng/o
Pharynx (throat; common passageways for food from the mouth and air from the nose)
Pleur/o
Pleura
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
Pleurisies
Inflammation of the pleurae
Poster/o
Back
Behind
Posterior
Pertaining to the back or behind
What is a bolus?
A “mass”
What is the epiglottis and where is it located?
The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea during swallowing so that the bolus of food or liquid can travel down the esophagus and not the trachea.
Sacr/o
Sacrum (five fused bones in the lower back)
Sacral
Pertaining to the sacrum
What is the difference between sacr/o and sarc/o?
Sacr/o refers to the sacrum whereas sarc/o refers to flesh
Spin/o
Spine (backbone)
Spinal
Pertaining to the spine
Thorac/o
Chest
Thoracotomy
Incision of the chest
Trache/o
Trachea
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
Tracheotomy
incision in the trachea; typically done when there is a blockage in the trachea. An emergency thoracotomy can be done with nearly any instrument—including the barrel of a pen with the inner part removed—to be used to keep the airway open (below the blockage)
What does CT stand for and what is it used for?
Computed Tomography
An x-ray technique where a contrast fluid is injected into the body via IV and photographs of the body part are taken cross-sectionally
What is the difference between a CT scan and MRI in terms of planes of the images?
CT = transverse (cross sections) MRI = all 3 planes
What are 4 examples of double membranes?
- Pleura of the lungs
- Peritoneum of the abdomen
- Pericardium of the heart
- Meninges of the brain
What is the difference between the spinal column and the spinal cord?
Spinal column = bones
Spinal cord = nerves
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions from superior to inferior, beginning from the right?
RIGHT
Right hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Right inguinal
MEDIAL
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
LEFT
Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left inguinal
What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region from superior right clockwise to inferior right? What organs are in each?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) = Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) = Stomach, spleen
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) = Descending colon, sigmoid
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) = Ileum, ascending colon
Which abdominopelvic regions are the middle lateral regions?
Right and left lumbar
Which abdominopelvic regions lie under the cartilage of ribs?
Right and left hypochondriac
The spleen is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?
LUQ
The pancreas is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?
RUQ
The appendix is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?
RLQ
