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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2: Organization of the Body > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Organization of the Body Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the individual units of the body called?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are 4 types of cells within the body?

A

Muscle
Nerve
Skin (epithelial)
Bone

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3
Q

What are groups of similar cells called?

A

Tissues

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4
Q

What are groups of organs working together called?

A

Systems

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5
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

What are the parts of this system?

A
  1. Transport blood throughout the body

2. Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

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6
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?
What is lymph?
What parts of the body are involved?

A
  1. Fight against disease and play an important role in immunity
  2. Clear fluid containing white blood cells called lymphocytes
  3. Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
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7
Q

How many body systems are there?

A

11

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8
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A
  1. Circulatory
  2. Lymphatic
  3. Digestive
  4. Endocrine
  5. Female Reproductive
  6. Musculoskeletal
  7. Nervous
  8. Respiratory
  9. Skin and sense organs
  10. Urinary
  11. Male Reproductive
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9
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Bring food into the body and break it down so that it can enter the bloodstream.
Food that cannot be broken down is removed from the body at the end of the system as waste.

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10
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

To send chemical messengers called hormones into the blood to act on other glands and organs

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11
Q

What is the function of the female and male reproductive systems?

A 
Produce cells (eggs and sperm) that join to form an embryo.
Male (testes) and female (ovary) sex organs produce hormones as well
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12
Q

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

What are the parts of this system?

A

Support the body and allow it to move

Includes muscles, bones, joints, and connective tissues

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13
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Carry electrical messaged to and from the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Control breathing, a process by with air enters and leaves the body

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15
Q

What is the function of the skin and sense organ system?

A

Receive messages from the environment and send them to the brain
Includes skin, eyes, ears

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16
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Produces urine and sends it out of the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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17
Q

Order the 5 body cavities from superior to inferior, and anterior to posterior (if applicable)

A
  1. Cranial cavity
  2. Spinal cavity (posterior to pleural and abdominal cavities)
  3. Thoracic cavity
  4. Abdominal
  5. Pelvic cavity
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18
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

Diaphragm (muscle)

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19
Q 
Describe the proximity of the following:
Larynx
Pharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
A

The pharynx is superior to the larynx, esophagus, and trachea.
The larynx is superior to the trachea. These two organs are anterior to the esophagus.

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20
Q

Cranial cavity

  1. What gross organs does it contain?
  2. Describe the cavities location
A
  1. Brain, pituitary gland

2. Located in the head, surrounded by the skull

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21
Q

Thoracic cavity

  1. What gross organs does it contain?
  2. Describe the cavities location
A
  1. Lungs, heart, windpipe (trachea), bronchial tubes

2. Inferior to the head; within the chest and rib cage

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22
Q

What are pleura?

A

A double membrane that surrounds the lungs

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23
Q

What is the mediastinum? What organs does it contain?

A
  1. The area between the lungs

2. Heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes

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24
Q

What is the space between the pleural membranes called?

A

Pleural cavity

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25
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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26
Q

Thoracic/o

A

Chest

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27
Q

Abdominal cavity

  1. What gross organs does it contain?
  2. Describe the cavities location
A
  1. Stomach, liver, gall bladder and small and large intestines
  2. Inferior to the thoracic cavity
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28
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A double membrane surrounding the organs of the abdominal cavity
This membrane attaches to the organs and abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place

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29
Q

Pelvic cavity

  1. What gross organs does it contain?
  2. Describe the cavities location
A
  1. Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, rectum, anus, and uterus in females
  2. Inferior to the abdominal cavity; surrounded by hip bones
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30
Q

Spinal cavity

  1. What gross organs does it contain?
  2. Describe the cavities location
A
  1. Spinal cord

2. Posterior to thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities; inferior to cranial cavity

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31
Q

What is the spinal column?

A

The vertebrae (backbones) surrounding the spinal cord from the neck to the tailbone

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32
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

To carry messages to and from all parts of the body

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33
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

When fluid collects in the pleural cavity due to inflammation or disease to organs and membranes

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34
Q

What is ascites?

A

When fluid collects in the peritoneal cavity due to inflammation or disease to organs and membranes

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35
Q

What is a disc (disk)?

A

Cartilage that acts as a cushion between the backbones

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36
Q

How many bones are in each category of vertebrae? What are they numbered?

  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
A
  1. Cervical = 7 bones; C1 - C7
  2. Thoracic = 12 bones; T1 - T12
  3. Lumbar = 5 bones; L1 - L5
  4. Sacral = 5 fused bones; S1 - S5
  5. Coccygeal = 5 fused bones (not numbered)
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37
Q

What are the three planes of the body?

A

Frontal/Coronal Plane
Sagittal/Lateral Plane
Transverse/Axial Plane

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38
Q

Describe the coronal plane.

Provide an alternative name for this plane.

A

Vertically divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal Plane

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39
Q

Describe the lateral plane.

Provide an alternative name for this plane.

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
Sagittal Plane

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40
Q

What is the difference between the sagittal and midsagittal plane?

A

Sagittal divides the body into right and left

Midsagittal divides the body into equal right and left halves

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41
Q

Describe the axial plane.

Provide an alternative name for this plane.

A

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse Plane, cross section

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42
Q

What does MRI stand for? What is it?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
Technique for producing images of the body; magnetic waves are used to create images which show organs and other structures in specialized detail in all 3 planes of the body

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43
Q

Abdomin/o

A

Abdomen

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44
Q

Abdominal

A

Pertaining to the abdomen

45
Q

Anter/o

A

Front

46
Q

-ior

A

Pertaining to

47
Q

Anterior

A

Pertaining to the front

48
Q

Bronch/o

A

bronchial tubes (leading from the trachea to the lungs)

49
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Process of visually examining the bronchial tubes

50
Q

Cervic/o

A

Neck (of the body) or neck (of the cervix of the uterus)

51
Q

Cervical

A

Pertaining to the neck of the body OR the neck of the uterus (cervix)

52
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage

53
Q

Hypochondriac

A

“Pertaining to below the cartilage”; pertaining to the area below the abdominal region, the region below the cartilage of the ribs
ALSO REFERS TO a person who experiences unusual anxiety about his or her health and has symptoms that cannot be explained

54
Q

Coccyge/o

A

Coccyx (tailbone)

55
Q

Coccygeal

A

Pertaining to the coccyx

56
Q

-eal

A

Pertaining to

57
Q

Epitheli/o

A

Skin

Surface tissue

58
Q

Epithelial

A

Pertaining to the skin
HOWEVER was first used to describe the surface of the nipple; more correctly, it describes the cells on the outer layer of the skin as well as the lining of internal organs that end to the outside of the body

59
Q

Epi-

A

Upon

60
Q

Theli/o

A

Nipple

61
Q

Esophag/o

A

Esophagus (leads from pharynx to stomach)

62
Q

Esophageal

A

Pertaining to the esophagus

63
Q

Hepat/o

A

Liver

64
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

65
Q

Lapar/o

A

Abdomen

66
Q

Laryng/o

A

Larynx (voice box)

Sits superior to trachea

67
Q

Laryngectomy

A

Removal or excision of part of the larynx

68
Q

What is a lumbar puncture? What is an alternate name for it?

A

Patient lies on their side, knees tucked into chest, chin tucked into chest. Physician inserts a hollow needle between L4 and L5 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is withdrawn or medication is injected. Performing a lumbar puncture at this point avoids injury to the spinal cord.
Also known as a spinal tap.

69
Q

Later/o

A

Side

70
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side

71
Q

Lumb/o

A

loin (waist)

72
Q

Lumbar

A

Pertaining to the waist

73
Q

Lymph/o

A

Lymph

Clear fluid in tissue spaces and lymph vessels

74
Q

Lymphocyte

A

White blood cells that fight disease

75
Q

What type of white blood cell is a B cell? What is its function?

A

Lymphocyte

Produces disease-fighting proteins called antibodies

76
Q

Mediastin/o

A

Mediastinum (space between lungs)

77
Q

Mediastinal

A

Pertaining to the mediastinum

78
Q

Pelv/o

A

Pelvis (bones of the hip)

79
Q

Pelvic

A

Pertaining to the pelvis

80
Q

Peritone/o

A

Peritoneum (membrane surrounding abdominal organs)

81
Q

Pharyng/o

A

Pharynx (throat; common passageways for food from the mouth and air from the nose)

82
Q

Pleur/o

A

Pleura

83
Q

Pharyngeal

A

Pertaining to the pharynx

84
Q

Pleurisies

A

Inflammation of the pleurae

85
Q

Poster/o

A

Back

Behind

86
Q

Posterior

A

Pertaining to the back or behind

87
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A “mass”

88
Q

What is the epiglottis and where is it located?

A

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea during swallowing so that the bolus of food or liquid can travel down the esophagus and not the trachea.

89
Q

Sacr/o

A

Sacrum (five fused bones in the lower back)

90
Q

Sacral

A

Pertaining to the sacrum

91
Q

What is the difference between sacr/o and sarc/o?

A

Sacr/o refers to the sacrum whereas sarc/o refers to flesh

92
Q

Spin/o

A

Spine (backbone)

93
Q

Spinal

A

Pertaining to the spine

94
Q

Thorac/o

A

Chest

95
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Incision of the chest

96
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea

97
Q

Vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

98
Q

Tracheotomy

A

incision in the trachea; typically done when there is a blockage in the trachea. An emergency thoracotomy can be done with nearly any instrument—including the barrel of a pen with the inner part removed—to be used to keep the airway open (below the blockage)

99
Q

What does CT stand for and what is it used for?

A

Computed Tomography
An x-ray technique where a contrast fluid is injected into the body via IV and photographs of the body part are taken cross-sectionally

100
Q

What is the difference between a CT scan and MRI in terms of planes of the images?

A 
CT = transverse (cross sections)
MRI = all 3 planes
101
Q

What are 4 examples of double membranes?

A
  1. Pleura of the lungs
  2. Peritoneum of the abdomen
  3. Pericardium of the heart
  4. Meninges of the brain
102
Q

What is the difference between the spinal column and the spinal cord?

A

Spinal column = bones

Spinal cord = nerves

103
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions from superior to inferior, beginning from the right?

A

RIGHT
Right hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Right inguinal

MEDIAL
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric

LEFT
Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left inguinal

104
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region from superior right clockwise to inferior right? What organs are in each?

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) = Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) = Stomach, spleen
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) = Descending colon, sigmoid
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) = Ileum, ascending colon

105
Q

Which abdominopelvic regions are the middle lateral regions?

A

Right and left lumbar

106
Q

Which abdominopelvic regions lie under the cartilage of ribs?

A

Right and left hypochondriac

107
Q

The spleen is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?

A

LUQ

108
Q

The pancreas is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?

A

RUQ

109
Q

The appendix is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?

A

RLQ

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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