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Medical Terminology > Chapter 3: Suffixes > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Suffixes Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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2
Q

Amni/o

A

Amnion (sac of fluid surrounding an embryo)

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3
Q

Angi/o

A

Vessel (usually blood vessel)

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4
Q

Arteri/o

A

Artery

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5
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

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6
Q

Ather/o

A

Plaque (yellow, fatty material)

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7
Q

Axill/o

A

Armpit (underarm)

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8
Q

Bronch/o

A

Bronchial tube

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9
Q

Bronchi/o

A

Bronchial tube

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10
Q

Carcin/o

A

Cancerous

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11
Q

Cardi/o

A

heart

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12
Q

Chem/o

A

Drug

Chemical

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13
Q

Cholecyst/o

A

Gall bladder

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14
Q

Chron/o

A

Time

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15
Q

Col/o

A

Large intestine (colon)

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16
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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17
Q

Cry/o

A

Cold

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18
Q

Cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder

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19
Q

Electr/o

A

Electricity

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20
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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21
Q

Erythr/o

A

Red

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22
Q

Esophag/o

A

Esophagus

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23
Q

Hem/o

A

Blood

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24
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

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25
Q

Hepat/o

A

Liver

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26
Q

Hyster/o

A

Uterus

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27
Q

Inguin/o

A

Groin (area where trunk meets thigh)

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28
Q

Isch/o

A

To hold back

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29
Q

Lapar/o

A

Abdomen

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30
Q

Laryng/o

A

Larynx

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31
Q

Leuk/o

A

White

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32
Q

Mamm/o

A

Breast*

*Use with -ary, -graphy, -gram, plasty

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33
Q

Mast/o

A

Breast*

*Use with -ectomy, -itis

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34
Q

Men/o

A

Menses (menstruation)

Month

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35
Q

Mening/o

A

Meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord)

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36
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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37
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord
OR
Bone marrow

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38
Q

Necr/o

A

Death (of cells)

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39
Q

Nephr/o

A

Kidney*

*Use with ALL suffixes except -al, -gram (use REN/O instead)

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40
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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41
Q

Oophor/o

A

Ovary

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42
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

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43
Q

Ot/o

A

Ear

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44
Q

Pelv/o

A

Hip area

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45
Q

Perintone/o

A

Peritoneum

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46
Q

Phleb/o

A

Vein

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47
Q

pneumon/o

A

Lung

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48
Q

Pulmin/o

A

Lung

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49
Q

Radi/o

A

X-rays

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50
Q

Ren/o

A

Kidney*

*Use ONLY WITH -al and -gram

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51
Q

Rhin/o

A

Nose

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52
Q

Salping/o

A

Fallopian tube (uterus)

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53
Q

Sarc/o

A

Flesh

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54
Q

Septic/o

A

Pertaining to infection

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55
Q

Thorac/o

A

Chest

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56
Q

Tonsill/o

A

Tonsil

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57
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea

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58
Q

Ur/o

A

Urine or urea

Urinary tract

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59
Q

Vascul/o

A

Blood vessel

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60
Q

-algia

A

condition of pain

Pain

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61
Q

Arthralgia

A

Pain of the joint

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62
Q

Otalgia

A

Pain of the ear

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63
Q

Myalgia

A

Pain of the muscle

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64
Q

Neuralgia

A

Pain of the nerves

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65
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

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66
Q

Septicemia

A

Blood condition of infection within blood; blood infections result when pathogens enter the blood from a wound; more serious version of bacteremia

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67
Q

Ischemia (isk-ee-mia)

A

“Blood condition of holding back”; ischemia of the heart muscle is when blood is held back from an area of the heart by an occlusion (blockage) or a coronary (heart) artery. The muscle loses its supply of oxygen and nutrition and, if the condition persists, dies. The death of the affected muscle is a myocardial infarction, otherwise known as a heart attack.

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68
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A

Ischemia of the heart muscle; blood is held back from an area of the heart by an occlusion (blockage) or a coronary (heart) artery. The muscle loses its supply of oxygen and nutrition and, if the condition persists, dies. The death of the affected muscle is a myocardial infarction, otherwise known as a heart attack.

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69
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacterial invasion of the blood with or without symptoms.

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70
Q

Uremia

A

“Blood condition of urea”; urea in blood

Occurs when the kidneys fail to function and urea accumulates in the blood

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71
Q

-ia

A

Condition

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72
Q

Pneumonia

A

“Condition of the lungs”; when the lungs are inflamed, causing fluid and material to collect in the air sacs of the lung

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73
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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74
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes

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75
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus

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76
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

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77
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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78
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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79
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

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80
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

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81
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
82
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

83
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursa/near a joint

84
Q

Cellulitis

A

Inflammation of soft tissue under skin

85
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of skin

86
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation within the inner lining of the heart

87
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Inflammation of the epiglottis

88
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

89
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver (highly contagious!)

90
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of the muscle

91
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

92
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

93
Q

Otitis

A

Inflammation of the ear

94
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

95
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

96
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein with a formation of clots

97
Q

-megaly

A

Englargement

98
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart

99
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlargement of the lliver

100
Q

-oma

A

Tumor or mass

101
Q

Adenoma

A

A BENIGN tumor of the gland

102
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

A MALIGNANT tumor of the glands (which are composed of epithelial tissue - CARCIN/O)

103
Q

Myoma

A

BENIGN tumor of the muscle

Commonly occur in the uterus (known as fibroids)

104
Q

What is a fibroid?

A

A myoma (benign tumor of the muscle) in the uterus

105
Q

Myosarcoma

A

A cancerous tumor of the muscle tissue

REMEMBER: Sarcomas are cancer of the connective tissue, which includes muscle, bone, cartilage, fat and fibrous tissue

106
Q

Myeloma

A

“Tumor of the bone marrow”; malignant tumor of cells (called plasma cells) in the bone marrow
Also known as Multiple Myeloma

107
Q

What are leiomyomas?

A

Uterine fibroids

108
Q

Fibr/o

A

Fibrous muscle

109
Q

Lip/o

A

Fat tissue

110
Q

Melan/o

A

Pigmented cells in skin

111
Q

Rhabdomy/o

A

Skeletal muscle

112
Q

What are the four types of fibroids of the uterus?

HINT: Think of their positioning on, in, or around the uterus

A
  1. Pedunculated - “extensions” off the uterus
  2. Subserosal - Lies just under the serosal (outermost) layer
  3. Submucosal - Grows under the mucosal (innermost) layer
  4. Intramural (mural means wall) - arise within the muscular uterine wall
113
Q

TYPES OF SARCOMAS

  1. Chondrosarcoma
  2. Fibrosarcoma
  3. Leimyosarcoma
  4. Liposarcoma
  5. Osteogenic sarcoma
  6. Rhabdomyosarcoma
A
  1. Chondrosarcoma - Cancer of the cartilage
  2. Fibrosarcoma - Cancer of the fibrous tissue
  3. Leimyosarcoma - Cancer of the visceral (smooth) muscle
  4. Liposarcoma - Cancer of the fatty tissue
  5. Osteogenic sarcoma - Cancer of the bone
  6. Rhabdomyosarcoma - Cancer of the skeletal muscle
114
Q

Leiymy/o

A

Visceral (smooth) muscle

115
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS WHOSE NAMES DO NOT CONTAIN THE COMBINING FORMS CARCIN/O OR SARC/O

  1. Hepatoma
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Melanoma
  4. Mesothelioma
  5. Multiple Myeloma
  6. Thymoma
A
  1. Hepatoma - Malignant tumor of the liver
  2. Lymphoma - Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes
  3. Melanoma - Malignant tumor of the pigmented cells in the skin
  4. Mesothelioma - Malignant tumor of the pleural cells
  5. Multiple Myeloma - Malignant tumor of the bone marrow cells
  6. Thymoma - Malignant tumor of the thymus gland
116
Q

-osis

A

Condition
Abnormal condition

*When used with blood cell words, this means a slight INCREASE in the NUMBER of cells

117
Q

Nephrosis

A

Abnormal condition of the kidney

118
Q

Necrosis

A

Abnormal condition of cell death

119
Q

-pathy

A

Disease condition

120
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Disease condition of the brain

121
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease condition of the heart muscle

Chronic (ongoing) disease of heart muscle with inflammation and weakness

122
Q

Nephropathy

A

Disease condition of the kidney

123
Q

DISEASE CONDITIONS

  1. Adenopathy
  2. Adrenopathy
  3. Hepatopathy
  4. Lymphadenpathy
  5. Myopathy
  6. Neuropathy
  7. Osteopathy
  8. Retinopathy
A
  1. Adenopathy - Disease condition of the LYMPH NODES (“glands”)
  2. Adrenopathy - Disease condition of the ADRENAL glands
  3. Hepatopathy - Disease condition of the liver
  4. Lymphadenpathy - Disease condition of the lymph nodes
  5. Myopathy - Disease condition of the muscles
  6. Neuropathy - Disease condition of the nerves
  7. Osteopathy - Disease condition of the bones
  8. Retinopathy - Disease condition of the retina of the eye
124
Q

-rrhea

A

Flow

Discharge

125
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Discharge of the nose

126
Q

Menorrhea

A

Discharge of menses (normal menstrual flow)

127
Q

-rrhage (or -rraghia)

A

Excessive discharge of blood

128
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Excessive bleeding

129
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Excessive bleeding during menstruation

130
Q

-sclerosis

A

Hardening

131
Q

Atherosclerosis

A 
Fatty plaque (atheroma) collects in the lining of arteries
The most common type of arteriosclerosis
132
Q

-uria

A

Condition of urine

133
Q

Hematuria

A

“Condition of blood in the urine”; Bleeding into the urinary tract can cause this sign of kidney disease or of disorders of the urinary and genital tracts

134
Q

-al or -eal

A

Pertaining to

135
Q

-ic

A

Pertaining to

136
Q

-ar

A

Pertaining to

137
Q

-ary

A

Pertaining to

138
Q

Inguinal

A

Pertaining to the groin

139
Q

Axillary

A

Pertaining to the armpit

140
Q

Mammary

A

Pertaining to the breast

141
Q

Chronic

A

“Pertaining to time”; chronic conditions occur over a long period of time, as opposed to acute conditions, which are sharp, sudden, and brief

142
Q

What is the difference between chronic and acute conditions?

A

Chronic: Occur over a long period of time
Acute: Sharp, sudden, brief

143
Q

-centesis

A

Surgical procedure to remove fluid

144
Q

Thoracentesis (or thoraCOcentesis)

A

Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the thoracic cavity

145
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the amniotic sac

146
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Surgical procedure to remove fluid from a joint

147
Q

-ectomy

A

Removal
Resection (whole or part)
Excision

148
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Excision of the tonsils (lateral to tongue) or adenoids (back of the throat, superior to tonsils)

149
Q

What are the tonsils and adenoids?

A

Lymph tissue in the pharynx; lymph contains white blood cells that fight infection

150
Q

Hysterectomy

What is the difference between a total and subtotal hysterectomy?

A

Removal of part of or the whole uterus

Total = whole uterus
Subtotal = partial removal
151
Q

Oophorectomy

A

Removal of the ovary

152
Q

Salpingectomy

A

Removal of fallopian tube

153
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Removal of the gallbladder

154
Q

Mastectomy

A

Removal of the breast

155
Q

RESECTIONS

  1. Adenectomy
  2. Adenoidectomy
  3. Appendectomy
  4. Colectomy
  5. Gastecromy
  6. Laminectomy
  7. Myomectomy
  8. Pneumonectomy
  9. Prostatectomy
  10. Splenectomy
A
  1. Adenectomy - excision of a gland
  2. Adenoidectomy - excision of the adenoids
  3. Appendectomy - excision of the appendix
  4. Colectomy - excision of the colon
  5. Gastecromy - excision of the stomach
  6. Laminectomy - excision of a piece of backbone to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniating disk
  7. Myomectomy - resection of a muscle tumor
  8. Pneumonectomy - excision of lung
  9. Prostatectomy - excision of prostate gland
  10. Splenectomy
156
Q

Lamina

A

Backbone

157
Q

-gram

A

Record

158
Q

Myelogram

A

Referring to spinal cord; contrast material is injected into the membranes around the spinal cord (via lumbar puncture) and then X-rays are taken of the spinal cord
*Performed less frequently now that the MRI is available

159
Q

Mammogram

A

X-ray of the breast

160
Q

-graphy

A

Process of recording

161
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Process of recording electricity in brain

162
Q

Mammography

A

Process of x-raying the breast

163
Q

What does craniocaudal mean?

A

From top to bottom

164
Q

Angiography

A

Contrast material (such as iodine) in injected into an artery or vein and X-rays are taken

165
Q

-lysis

A

Separation
Breakdown
Destruction

166
Q

Dialysis

A

“Separate completely”; a filtering process either through the blood or through peritoneum

167
Q

What are the 2 kinds of dialysis?

A
  1. Hemodialysis - Removal of blood of passage trough a kidney machine to filter out waste materials, such as urea.
  2. Peritoneal dialysis - A special fluid is it into the peritoneum through a tube in the abdomen. The wastes seep into the fluid from the blood during a period of time. The fluid and wastes are then drained from the peritoneum.
168
Q

-plasty

A

Surgical repair

Surgical correction

169
Q

Mammoplasty

A

Surgical correction or repair of breast

170
Q

Rhinoplasty

A

Surgical correction or repair of nose

171
Q

Angioplasty

A

Surgical repair of artery

172
Q

How does balloon angioplasty work?

A

This is performed on narrowed, blocked, coronary arteries that surround the heart. A wire with a collapsed balloon is placed in a clogged artery. Opening of the balloon widens the vessel, allowing more blood to flow through. An intracoronary artery stent (mesh tube) is then placed in the artery to hold it open.

173
Q

-scopy

A

Process of visual examination

174
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Visual examination of the bronchial tube

175
Q

Laryngoscopy

A

Visual examination of the larynx

176
Q

-stomy

A

Opening

Creation of a permanent or semipermanent opening (stoma) from an organ to the outside of the body

177
Q

What is a stoma?

A

A permanent or semipermanent opening from an organ to the outside of the body

178
Q

Colostomy

A

Opening from colon to the outside of the body

179
Q

What is the new connection called when formed from two tube-like structures being surgically connected WITHIN the body?

A

Anastomosis

ANA - no, without
STOMY - opening (to outside of body)
OSIS - condition

180
Q

What is the difference between a colostomy and a colocolostomy?

A

Colostomy: Opening from colon to outside of body
Colocolostomy: New connection between two previously unconnected parts of the colon

181
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Opening from trachea to outside of body

182
Q

-therapy

A

Treatment

183
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Treatment with radiation (radio waves)

184
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment with chemicals to destroy malignant cells

185
Q

Cryotherapy

A

Treatment with ice

186
Q

What two chemicals can remove skin lesions such as warts with cryotherapy?

A
  1. Liquid nitrogen

2. Carbon dioxide snow

187
Q

What is the difference between radiotherapy versus radiology?

A

Radiotherapy is directed by a radiation oncologist—a doctor specializing in TREATING cancer using radiation to kill tumor cells.

Radiology is the specialty of a radiologist, also a medical doctor, who primarily DIAGNOSES conditions using X-ray, magnetic wave, or ultrasound techniques.

188
Q

What are the 6 locations of stomas in the intestines? (What are the “-stomy’s” called?)

A
  1. Ileostomy - in the ileum of the small intestine
  2. Cecostomy
  3. Ascending colostomy - in the ascending colon (right side of body)
  4. Transverse colostomy - in the transverse (superior part) of the colon
  5. Descending colostomy - in the descending colon (left side of body)
  6. Sigmoid colostomy - in the sigmoid of the colon (toward the rectum)
189
Q

What are the 3 kinds of anastomoses?

A
  1. End to end
  2. End to side
  3. Side to side
190
Q

-tomy

A

Incision

Cutting into

191
Q

Craniotomy

A

Cutting into the skull

192
Q

Laparotomy

A

Large incision in the abdomen

193
Q

Phlebotomy

A

Incision into a vein

194
Q

What is the difference between -TOMY, -STOMY, and ECTOMY?

A
  • TOMY = Temporary incision, cutting into
  • STOMY = Semi-permanent or permanent opening
  • ECTOMY = Removal, excision, resection of an organ
195
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Condition of increase in red blood cells

196
Q

What bariatric surgery is used to treat extreme obesity?

A

Gastric bypass

197
Q

What is gastric bypass?

A

The superior part of the stomach is stapled to reduce size. The jejunum (second part of small intestine) is brought up to connect to the superior part of the stomach, bypassing the duodenum (first part of small intestine)

198
Q

What is the anastomosis between the stomach and second part of the small intestine called?

A

Gastrojejunostomy

199
Q

After a cholecystectomy, without a gallbladder to store bile, the ______________ secretes bile as needed.

A

Liver

200
Q

After a splenectomy, without a spleen to produce white blood cells and process worn out red blood cells, _________________ and ________________ take over these functions.

A

Lymph nodes

The liver

201
Q

After a bilateral oophorectomy, without ovaries to produce eggs and female hormones, __________ produce small amounts of estrogen and progesterone.

A

Adrenal glands

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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