Chapter 3: Suffixes Flashcards
Aden/o
Gland
Amni/o
Amnion (sac of fluid surrounding an embryo)
Angi/o
Vessel (usually blood vessel)
Arteri/o
Artery
Arthr/o
Joint
Ather/o
Plaque (yellow, fatty material)
Axill/o
Armpit (underarm)
Bronch/o
Bronchial tube
Bronchi/o
Bronchial tube
Carcin/o
Cancerous
Cardi/o
heart
Chem/o
Drug
Chemical
Cholecyst/o
Gall bladder
Chron/o
Time
Col/o
Large intestine (colon)
Crani/o
Skull
Cry/o
Cold
Cyst/o
Urinary bladder
Electr/o
Electricity
Encephal/o
Brain
Erythr/o
Red
Esophag/o
Esophagus
Hem/o
Blood
Hemat/o
Blood
Hepat/o
Liver
Hyster/o
Uterus
Inguin/o
Groin (area where trunk meets thigh)
Isch/o
To hold back
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Laryng/o
Larynx
Leuk/o
White
Mamm/o
Breast*
*Use with -ary, -graphy, -gram, plasty
Mast/o
Breast*
*Use with -ectomy, -itis
Men/o
Menses (menstruation)
Month
Mening/o
Meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord)
My/o
Muscle
Myel/o
Spinal cord
OR
Bone marrow
Necr/o
Death (of cells)
Nephr/o
Kidney*
*Use with ALL suffixes except -al, -gram (use REN/O instead)
Neur/o
Nerve
Oophor/o
Ovary
Oste/o
Bone
Ot/o
Ear
Pelv/o
Hip area
Perintone/o
Peritoneum
Phleb/o
Vein
pneumon/o
Lung
Pulmin/o
Lung
Radi/o
X-rays
Ren/o
Kidney*
*Use ONLY WITH -al and -gram
Rhin/o
Nose
Salping/o
Fallopian tube (uterus)
Sarc/o
Flesh
Septic/o
Pertaining to infection
Thorac/o
Chest
Tonsill/o
Tonsil
Trache/o
Trachea
Ur/o
Urine or urea
Urinary tract
Vascul/o
Blood vessel
-algia
condition of pain
Pain
Arthralgia
Pain of the joint
Otalgia
Pain of the ear
Myalgia
Pain of the muscle
Neuralgia
Pain of the nerves
-emia
Blood condition
Septicemia
Blood condition of infection within blood; blood infections result when pathogens enter the blood from a wound; more serious version of bacteremia
Ischemia (isk-ee-mia)
“Blood condition of holding back”; ischemia of the heart muscle is when blood is held back from an area of the heart by an occlusion (blockage) or a coronary (heart) artery. The muscle loses its supply of oxygen and nutrition and, if the condition persists, dies. The death of the affected muscle is a myocardial infarction, otherwise known as a heart attack.
What causes a myocardial infarction?
Ischemia of the heart muscle; blood is held back from an area of the heart by an occlusion (blockage) or a coronary (heart) artery. The muscle loses its supply of oxygen and nutrition and, if the condition persists, dies. The death of the affected muscle is a myocardial infarction, otherwise known as a heart attack.
Bacteremia
Bacterial invasion of the blood with or without symptoms.
Uremia
“Blood condition of urea”; urea in blood
Occurs when the kidneys fail to function and urea accumulates in the blood
-ia
Condition
Pneumonia
“Condition of the lungs”; when the lungs are inflamed, causing fluid and material to collect in the air sacs of the lung
-itis
Inflammation
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
What are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa/near a joint
Cellulitis
Inflammation of soft tissue under skin
Dermatitis
Inflammation of skin
Endocarditis
Inflammation within the inner lining of the heart
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver (highly contagious!)
Myositis
Inflammation of the muscle
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
Otitis
Inflammation of the ear
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with a formation of clots
-megaly
Englargement
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the lliver
-oma
Tumor or mass
Adenoma
A BENIGN tumor of the gland
Adenocarcinoma
A MALIGNANT tumor of the glands (which are composed of epithelial tissue - CARCIN/O)
Myoma
BENIGN tumor of the muscle
Commonly occur in the uterus (known as fibroids)
What is a fibroid?
A myoma (benign tumor of the muscle) in the uterus
Myosarcoma
A cancerous tumor of the muscle tissue
REMEMBER: Sarcomas are cancer of the connective tissue, which includes muscle, bone, cartilage, fat and fibrous tissue
Myeloma
“Tumor of the bone marrow”; malignant tumor of cells (called plasma cells) in the bone marrow
Also known as Multiple Myeloma
What are leiomyomas?
Uterine fibroids
Fibr/o
Fibrous muscle
Lip/o
Fat tissue
Melan/o
Pigmented cells in skin
Rhabdomy/o
Skeletal muscle
What are the four types of fibroids of the uterus?
HINT: Think of their positioning on, in, or around the uterus
- Pedunculated - “extensions” off the uterus
- Subserosal - Lies just under the serosal (outermost) layer
- Submucosal - Grows under the mucosal (innermost) layer
- Intramural (mural means wall) - arise within the muscular uterine wall
TYPES OF SARCOMAS
- Chondrosarcoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Leimyosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Osteogenic sarcoma
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma - Cancer of the cartilage
- Fibrosarcoma - Cancer of the fibrous tissue
- Leimyosarcoma - Cancer of the visceral (smooth) muscle
- Liposarcoma - Cancer of the fatty tissue
- Osteogenic sarcoma - Cancer of the bone
- Rhabdomyosarcoma - Cancer of the skeletal muscle
Leiymy/o
Visceral (smooth) muscle
MALIGNANT TUMORS WHOSE NAMES DO NOT CONTAIN THE COMBINING FORMS CARCIN/O OR SARC/O
- Hepatoma
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
- Mesothelioma
- Multiple Myeloma
- Thymoma
- Hepatoma - Malignant tumor of the liver
- Lymphoma - Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes
- Melanoma - Malignant tumor of the pigmented cells in the skin
- Mesothelioma - Malignant tumor of the pleural cells
- Multiple Myeloma - Malignant tumor of the bone marrow cells
- Thymoma - Malignant tumor of the thymus gland
-osis
Condition
Abnormal condition
*When used with blood cell words, this means a slight INCREASE in the NUMBER of cells
Nephrosis
Abnormal condition of the kidney
Necrosis
Abnormal condition of cell death
-pathy
Disease condition
Encephalopathy
Disease condition of the brain
Cardiomyopathy
Disease condition of the heart muscle
Chronic (ongoing) disease of heart muscle with inflammation and weakness
Nephropathy
Disease condition of the kidney
DISEASE CONDITIONS
- Adenopathy
- Adrenopathy
- Hepatopathy
- Lymphadenpathy
- Myopathy
- Neuropathy
- Osteopathy
- Retinopathy
- Adenopathy - Disease condition of the LYMPH NODES (“glands”)
- Adrenopathy - Disease condition of the ADRENAL glands
- Hepatopathy - Disease condition of the liver
- Lymphadenpathy - Disease condition of the lymph nodes
- Myopathy - Disease condition of the muscles
- Neuropathy - Disease condition of the nerves
- Osteopathy - Disease condition of the bones
- Retinopathy - Disease condition of the retina of the eye
-rrhea
Flow
Discharge
Rhinorrhea
Discharge of the nose
Menorrhea
Discharge of menses (normal menstrual flow)
-rrhage (or -rraghia)
Excessive discharge of blood
Hemorrhage
Excessive bleeding
Menorrhagia
Excessive bleeding during menstruation
-sclerosis
Hardening
Atherosclerosis
Fatty plaque (atheroma) collects in the lining of arteries The most common type of arteriosclerosis
-uria
Condition of urine
Hematuria
“Condition of blood in the urine”; Bleeding into the urinary tract can cause this sign of kidney disease or of disorders of the urinary and genital tracts
-al or -eal
Pertaining to
-ic
Pertaining to
-ar
Pertaining to
-ary
Pertaining to
Inguinal
Pertaining to the groin
Axillary
Pertaining to the armpit
Mammary
Pertaining to the breast
Chronic
“Pertaining to time”; chronic conditions occur over a long period of time, as opposed to acute conditions, which are sharp, sudden, and brief
What is the difference between chronic and acute conditions?
Chronic: Occur over a long period of time
Acute: Sharp, sudden, brief
-centesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid
Thoracentesis (or thoraCOcentesis)
Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the thoracic cavity
Amniocentesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the amniotic sac
Arthrocentesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid from a joint
-ectomy
Removal
Resection (whole or part)
Excision
Tonsillectomy
Excision of the tonsils (lateral to tongue) or adenoids (back of the throat, superior to tonsils)
What are the tonsils and adenoids?
Lymph tissue in the pharynx; lymph contains white blood cells that fight infection
Hysterectomy
What is the difference between a total and subtotal hysterectomy?
Removal of part of or the whole uterus
Total = whole uterus Subtotal = partial removal
Oophorectomy
Removal of the ovary
Salpingectomy
Removal of fallopian tube
Cholecystectomy
Removal of the gallbladder
Mastectomy
Removal of the breast
RESECTIONS
- Adenectomy
- Adenoidectomy
- Appendectomy
- Colectomy
- Gastecromy
- Laminectomy
- Myomectomy
- Pneumonectomy
- Prostatectomy
- Splenectomy
- Adenectomy - excision of a gland
- Adenoidectomy - excision of the adenoids
- Appendectomy - excision of the appendix
- Colectomy - excision of the colon
- Gastecromy - excision of the stomach
- Laminectomy - excision of a piece of backbone to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniating disk
- Myomectomy - resection of a muscle tumor
- Pneumonectomy - excision of lung
- Prostatectomy - excision of prostate gland
- Splenectomy
Lamina
Backbone
-gram
Record
Myelogram
Referring to spinal cord; contrast material is injected into the membranes around the spinal cord (via lumbar puncture) and then X-rays are taken of the spinal cord
*Performed less frequently now that the MRI is available
Mammogram
X-ray of the breast
-graphy
Process of recording
Electroencephalography
Process of recording electricity in brain
Mammography
Process of x-raying the breast
What does craniocaudal mean?
From top to bottom
Angiography
Contrast material (such as iodine) in injected into an artery or vein and X-rays are taken
-lysis
Separation
Breakdown
Destruction
Dialysis
“Separate completely”; a filtering process either through the blood or through peritoneum
What are the 2 kinds of dialysis?
- Hemodialysis - Removal of blood of passage trough a kidney machine to filter out waste materials, such as urea.
- Peritoneal dialysis - A special fluid is it into the peritoneum through a tube in the abdomen. The wastes seep into the fluid from the blood during a period of time. The fluid and wastes are then drained from the peritoneum.
-plasty
Surgical repair
Surgical correction
Mammoplasty
Surgical correction or repair of breast
Rhinoplasty
Surgical correction or repair of nose
Angioplasty
Surgical repair of artery
How does balloon angioplasty work?
This is performed on narrowed, blocked, coronary arteries that surround the heart. A wire with a collapsed balloon is placed in a clogged artery. Opening of the balloon widens the vessel, allowing more blood to flow through. An intracoronary artery stent (mesh tube) is then placed in the artery to hold it open.
-scopy
Process of visual examination
Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the bronchial tube
Laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the larynx
-stomy
Opening
Creation of a permanent or semipermanent opening (stoma) from an organ to the outside of the body
What is a stoma?
A permanent or semipermanent opening from an organ to the outside of the body
Colostomy
Opening from colon to the outside of the body
What is the new connection called when formed from two tube-like structures being surgically connected WITHIN the body?
Anastomosis
ANA - no, without
STOMY - opening (to outside of body)
OSIS - condition
What is the difference between a colostomy and a colocolostomy?
Colostomy: Opening from colon to outside of body
Colocolostomy: New connection between two previously unconnected parts of the colon
Tracheostomy
Opening from trachea to outside of body
-therapy
Treatment
Radiotherapy
Treatment with radiation (radio waves)
Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals to destroy malignant cells
Cryotherapy
Treatment with ice
What two chemicals can remove skin lesions such as warts with cryotherapy?
- Liquid nitrogen
2. Carbon dioxide snow
What is the difference between radiotherapy versus radiology?
Radiotherapy is directed by a radiation oncologist—a doctor specializing in TREATING cancer using radiation to kill tumor cells.
Radiology is the specialty of a radiologist, also a medical doctor, who primarily DIAGNOSES conditions using X-ray, magnetic wave, or ultrasound techniques.
What are the 6 locations of stomas in the intestines? (What are the “-stomy’s” called?)
- Ileostomy - in the ileum of the small intestine
- Cecostomy
- Ascending colostomy - in the ascending colon (right side of body)
- Transverse colostomy - in the transverse (superior part) of the colon
- Descending colostomy - in the descending colon (left side of body)
- Sigmoid colostomy - in the sigmoid of the colon (toward the rectum)
What are the 3 kinds of anastomoses?
- End to end
- End to side
- Side to side
-tomy
Incision
Cutting into
Craniotomy
Cutting into the skull
Laparotomy
Large incision in the abdomen
Phlebotomy
Incision into a vein
What is the difference between -TOMY, -STOMY, and ECTOMY?
- TOMY = Temporary incision, cutting into
- STOMY = Semi-permanent or permanent opening
- ECTOMY = Removal, excision, resection of an organ
Erythrocytosis
Condition of increase in red blood cells
What bariatric surgery is used to treat extreme obesity?
Gastric bypass
What is gastric bypass?
The superior part of the stomach is stapled to reduce size. The jejunum (second part of small intestine) is brought up to connect to the superior part of the stomach, bypassing the duodenum (first part of small intestine)
What is the anastomosis between the stomach and second part of the small intestine called?
Gastrojejunostomy
After a cholecystectomy, without a gallbladder to store bile, the ______________ secretes bile as needed.
Liver
After a splenectomy, without a spleen to produce white blood cells and process worn out red blood cells, _________________ and ________________ take over these functions.
Lymph nodes
The liver
After a bilateral oophorectomy, without ovaries to produce eggs and female hormones, __________ produce small amounts of estrogen and progesterone.
Adrenal glands