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Medical Terminology > Chapter 1: Basic Word Structures > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Basic Word Structures Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Root

A

Givers essential meaning to the term

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2
Q

Suffix

A

The word ending

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3
Q

Prefix

A

A small part added to the beginning of the term

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4
Q

Combining vowel

A

Connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots

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5
Q

Combining form

A

The combination of the root and combining vowel

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6
Q

How do you read the meaning of medical words?

A

Start at the suffix, then go to the beginning of the word and read across.

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7
Q

What do you do with the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel?

A

Drop the combining vowel

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8
Q

What do you do with a combining vowel between word roots if the second root begins with a vowel?

A

Keep the combining vowel

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9
Q

-logy

A

The study of

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10
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

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11
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

Record of the electrical charges within the heart

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12
Q

Electr/o

A

Electricity

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13
Q

Cardi/o

A

Heart

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14
Q

-gram

A

Record

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15
Q

Gastroenterology

A

The study of the stomach and intestines

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16
Q

Gastr/o

A

Stomach

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17
Q

Enter/o

A

Small intestine (intestines)

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18
Q

Gastroscope

A

Instrument used to visually examine the stomach

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19
Q

-scope

A

Instrument used to visually examine

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20
Q

Gastric

A

Pertaining to the stomach

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21
Q

-ic

A

Pertaining to

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22
Q

Cardiac

A

Pertaining to the heart

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23
Q

-ac

A

Pertaining to

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24
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine

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25
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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26
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

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27
Q

Subgastric

A

Pertaining to below the stomach

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28
Q

Sub

A

Below

Under

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29
Q

Transgastric

A

Pertaining to across the stomach

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30
Q

Retrogastric

A

Pertaining to behind the stomach

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31
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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32
Q

-Oma

A

Tumor or mass

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33
Q

Adenoma

A

Tumor of the gland

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34
Q

Adenitis

A

Inflammation of the gland

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35
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

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36
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joint

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37
Q

Bi/o

A

Life

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38
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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39
Q

Biopsy

A

“The process of viewing life”; living tissue is removed and viewed under a microscope

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40
Q

-opsy

A

The process of viewing

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41
Q

Carcin/o

A

Cancer

Cancerous

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42
Q

Carcinoma

A

A cancerous mass or tumor

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43
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

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44
Q

Cephalic

A

Pertaining to the head

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45
Q

What does it mean for an infant to be born cephalic?

A

A baby is born head first

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46
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

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47
Q

Cerebral

A

Pertaining to the cerebrum

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48
Q

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

A

Also known as a stroke
During a CVA, blood is prevented from reaching areas of the cerebrum.
Depending on the location and extent of reduced blood flow, signs and symptoms may include:
- loss of movement (paralysis)
- loss of speech (aphasia)
- weakness
- changes in sensation

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49
Q

What are the 10 functions of the cerebrum and their location?

A
  1. Smell - just behind the eye socket
  2. Speech - lateral parts of the temporal lobe
  3. Hearing - lateral parts of the temporal lobe
  4. Reading - lateral part of occipital lobe
  5. Visual - dorsal part of occipital lobe
  6. Writing - superior part of occipital lobe
  7. Sensations of the body - posterior part of the parietal lobe
  8. Movement - anterior part of the parietal lobe
  9. Eye movement - small posterior part of frontal lobe
  10. Thought processes - frontal lobe
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50
Q

Order the male urinary tract parts from superior to inferior:
Adrenal glands, kidneys, prostate gland, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder

A
  1. Adrenal glands
  2. Kidneys
  3. Ureters
  4. Urinary bladder
  5. Prostate gland
  6. Urethra
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51
Q

Cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder

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52
Q

Cystoscope

A

An instrument used to visually examine the urinary bladder

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53
Q

-vascular

A

Blood vessels

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54
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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55
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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56
Q

Derm/o

A

Skin

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57
Q

Dermat/o

A

Skin

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58
Q

Dermal

A

Pertaining to the skin

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59
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin

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60
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine from superior to inferior?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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61
Q

What is the different between the ileum and ilium?

A

Ileum - inferior most part of the small intestine (i-l-E-u-m; remember E for intEstine)
Ilium - superior most part of the hip bone (i-l-I-u-m; remember I for HIP)

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62
Q

Is the trachea anterior or posterior to the esophagus?

A 
Trachea = anterior
Esophagus = posterior
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63
Q

Which side of the body is the liver on?

A

Right

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64
Q

Is the spleen anterior or posterior to the stomach?

A

Posterior

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65
Q

What side of the body is the stomach on?

A

Left

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66
Q

What side of the body is the heart on?

A

Left

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67
Q

What side of the body is the pancreas on? Where is it in proximity to the duodenum?

A 
Medial right (almost central, but toward the right)
Posterior (to the right of the duodenum)
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68
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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69
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Record of the electricity within the brain

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70
Q

What does an EEG help to diagnose?

A

Seizure disorders such a epilepsy

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71
Q

Col/o

A

Colon (large intestine)

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72
Q

Erythr/o

A

Red

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73
Q

Erthythrocyte

A

Red blood cells

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74
Q

What is the function of the erythrocyte?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen

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75
Q

Leuk/o

A

White

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76
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell

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77
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

White blood cells are disease fighting cells

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78
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A
  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Lymphocytes
  5. Monocytes
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79
Q

What is the function of the eosinophil?

A

Fight infection

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80
Q

What is the function of the basophil?

A

Immune system surveillance

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81
Q

Which of the 5 leukocytes is the most abundant, at 40-70%?

A

Neutrophils

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82
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Natural Killers
  2. T Cells
  3. B Cells
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83
Q

What are the two types of monocytes?

A
  1. Macrophages

2. Dendritic Cells

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84
Q

Platelet

A

Clotting cells

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85
Q

Thromb/o

A

Clotting

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86
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Clotting cells (also known as platelets)

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87
Q

Gnos/o

A

Knowledge

88
Q

Gastroscopy

A

Process of visual examination of the stomach using an instrument

89
Q

Diagnosis

A

“State of complete knowledge”; the complete knowledge gained after testing and examining the patient

90
Q

Dia-

A

Through

Complete

91
Q

-sis

A

State of

92
Q

Prognosis

A

“State before knowing”; a prediction (before knowledge) that is made after a diagnosis that forecasts the outcome of treatment

93
Q

Pro-

A

Before

Forward

94
Q

FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in A

  1. Vertebra
  2. Bursa
A

Retain the A and add an E

  1. Vertebrae
  2. Bursae
95
Q

Vertebra/e

A

Backbone/s

96
Q

Bursa/e

A

Sac/s of fluid near a joint

97
Q

FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in IS

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Psychosis
A

Drop the IS and add ES

  1. Diagnoses
  2. Psychoses
98
Q

Psychosis/es

A

Abnormal condition/s of the mind

99
Q

FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in IX or EX

  1. Apex
  2. Cortex
  3. Varix
A

Drop the IX or EX and add ICES

  1. Apices
  2. Cortices
  3. Varices
100
Q

Apex/ices

A

Pointed end/s of organs

101
Q

Cortex/ices

A

Outer part/s of organs

102
Q

Varix/ices

A

Enlarged, swollen vein/s

103
Q

FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in ON

ex: Ganglion

A

Drop the ON and add A

Ex: Ganglia

104
Q

Ganglion/a

A

Groups of nerve cells; OR

Benign cysts near a joint (such as the wrists)

105
Q

FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in UM

  1. Bacterium
  2. Ovum
A

Drop the UM and add A

  1. Bacteria
  2. Ova
106
Q

Bacterium/a

A

Types of one-celled organisms

107
Q

Ova/um

A

Egg cell/s

108
Q

FORMATION OF PLURALS
Words ending in US

  1. Bronchus
  2. Calculus
A

Drop the US and add I*

  1. Bronchi
  2. Calculi
  • Exception to this rule are Viruses and Sinuses
109
Q

Bronchus/i

A

Tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs

110
Q

Calculus/i

A

Stone/s

111
Q

Gynec/o

A

Woman

Female

112
Q

Gynecology

A

The study of women (specifically female reproductive organs and related diseases)

113
Q

Hem/o

A

Blood

114
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells that help carry oxygen in the blood

115
Q

-globin

A

protein

116
Q

Hematoma

A

A mass of blood (or swelling of blood)

117
Q

Hepat/o

A

Liver

118
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

119
Q

Subungal hematoma

A

A mass of blood below the nail

120
Q

Ung/o

A

Nail

121
Q

Lapar/o

A

Abdomen (area between the chest and hip)

122
Q

-tomy

A

Cutting into

Incision

123
Q

Exploratory laparotomy

A

A surgeon makes a large incision in the abdominal wall to inspect organs for evidence of disease

124
Q

Nephr/o

A

Kidney

125
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Removal of the kidney

126
Q

-ectomy

A

Cutting out

Excision or resection of an organ or other part of the body

127
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

128
Q

Neurology

A

The study of nerves

129
Q

Onc/o

A

Tumor

130
Q

-logist

A

Specialist

131
Q

Oncologist

A

Specialist in the study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases)

132
Q

Ophthalm/o

A

Eye

133
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Instrument used to visually examine the eye

134
Q

Ophthalmologist

A

Specialist of the eyes

135
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

136
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints where degeneration and loss of cartilages occurs

137
Q

Path/o

A

Disease

138
Q

Pathologist

A

“Specialist of diseases”; a pathologist is a medical doctor who views biopsy samples to make a diagnosis and examines dead bodies

139
Q

Aut-

A

Self

140
Q

Autopsy

A

“Process of viewing the self”; an opportunity to see for oneself what caused a patient’s death

141
Q

Ren/o

A

Kidneys

142
Q

Rhin/o

A

Nose

143
Q

Sarc/o

A

Flesh

144
Q

Medical examiner

A

A pathologist who specialized in forensic (legal) medicine related to criminal issues

145
Q

Coroner

A

An elected official (administrator) who investigates any suspicious death

May or may not be a medical examiner.

146
Q

-algia

A

Pain

147
Q

Neural

A

Pertaining to the nerves

148
Q

Arthralgia

A

Pain of the joint

149
Q

Gastrectomy

A

Excision or resection of the stomach

150
Q

What is a subtotal gastrectomy?

A

A partial removal of the stomach

151
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

152
Q

Leukemia

A

“Condition of white blood cells”; large numbers of immature, cancerous cells are found in the bloodstream and bone marrow (inner part of the bone that makes blood cells)

153
Q

Arthrogram

A

Record (x-ray) of the joint

154
Q

-ia

A

Condition

155
Q

Neuralgia

A

Condition of the nerves

156
Q

-ism

A

Condition

Process

157
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

“condition of excessive thyroid”; The thyroid gland is in the neck. It secrets a hormone thyroxine, which helps cells burn food and release energy. In Hyperthyroidism, the gland secretes too much thyroxine.
Also known as Grave’s Disease.
Signs and symptoms include rapid pulse, nervousness, excessive sweating, and swelling of tissue behind the eyeball.

158
Q

Hyper-

A

Excessive
More than normal
Too much

159
Q

Neurologist

A

Specialist in the study of nerves/nervous system

160
Q

Nephrology

A

The study of the kidneys

161
Q

Hepatoma

A

Cancerous tumor of the liver

162
Q

What is another name for hepatoma?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

163
Q

Cardiology

A

The study of the heart

164
Q

Dermatology

A

The study of the skin

165
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of the endocrine glands

166
Q

Hematology

A

The study of blood

167
Q

Psychology

A

The study of the mind and mental disorders

168
Q

Rheumatology

A

The study of joint diseases

169
Q

Rheum/o

A

Flow
Fluid
FUN FACT: Was once thought to cause aches and pains, especially in joints

170
Q

Neurotomy

A

Cutting of nerves

171
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Process of visually examining the joint

172
Q

How is a laparoscopy for tubal ligation done? What is the purpose?

A

Purpose: Interrupt the continuity of the Fallopian tubes as a means of preventing future pregnancy

How it’s done:

  1. Vaginal speculum keeps vagina cavity open
  2. Uterine cannula is a tube placed into the uterus to manipulate the uterus during the procedure
  3. Forceps and tenaculum are used for grasping and manipulating tissue
  4. Surgeon goes in laparoscopically with these instruments.
173
Q

A-, an-

A

No

Not

174
Q

Anemia

A

“No blood”; it is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in their ability to carry oxygen resulting from less hemoglobin

175
Q

Dys-

A

Bad
Painful
Difficult
Abnormal

176
Q

Diameter

A

Complete measure

177
Q

Dysentery

A

Condition of painful intestines

Symptoms include bloody stool and abdominal pain

178
Q

Endo-

A

Within

179
Q

crin/o

A

Secrete (to form and give off)

180
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete hormones within the body into the bloodstream
Includes: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes

181
Q

What 4 glands are endocrine glands?

HINT: There are technically 5, but one is different for males and females.

A

Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Ovaries / testes

182
Q

Endocardium

A

“Structure within the heart”; The valves and chambers within the heart are lined with endocardium

183
Q

-um

A

Structure

184
Q

Exo-

A

Outside

185
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands secreting chemicals outside of the body

Includes: sweat, tear, and mammary glands

186
Q

What are 2 exocrine glands? (Three if you’re a woman)

A

Sweat glands
Tear ducts
Mammary glands

187
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

“Blood condition of excessive sugar”; a condition where insulin is absent or not working, thus leaving an excess of sugar in the blood.

188
Q

glyc/o

A

Sugar

189
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Type 1 Diabetes is when people lack insulin; typically born with this condition or develop it in childhood

Type 2 Diabetes is when people have ineffective insulin; typically develops later in life

190
Q

What is the function insulin? What organ releases insulin?

A
  1. A hormone that allows sugar to leave the bloodstream and enter cells
  2. Pancreas
191
Q

Hypo-

A

Below
Less than normal
Under

192
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

“Blood condition of too much sugar”; This happens when there is too much insulin in the bloodstream.
Symptoms include weakness, headache, and hunger

193
Q

Peri-

A

Surrounding

194
Q

Pericardium

A

Structure surrounding the heart

195
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland standing before (in front of) (urinary bladder) in males

196
Q

-state

A

Stand

197
Q

Re-

A

Back

198
Q

Resection

A

“Cutting back an organ”; removing some or all of an organ in the sense of cutting back or away

199
Q

-section

A

Cutting into an organ

200
Q

Retro-

A

behind

201
Q

Trans-

A

Across

Through

202
Q

Subhepatic

A

Below liver

203
Q

Transdermal

A

Through skin

204
Q

Transurethral

A

Through urethra

205
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

206
Q

What does TURP stand for? What is the purpose of this procedure?

A
  1. Transurethral resection of the prostate gland
  2. Surgical procedure to remove no cancerous (benign) growth of the prostate gland; pieces of the enlarged gland are removed through the urethra
207
Q

What is the difference between a gastrotomy and gastrectomy?

A

Gastrotomy is an incision of the stomach

Gastrectomy is a removal of part of the stomach

208
Q

Turn the following terms into plurals:

  1. Psychosis
  2. Ovum
  3. Vertebra
  4. Bronchus
  5. Spermatozoon
  6. Apex
A
  1. Psychoses
  2. Ova
  3. Vertebrae
  4. Bronchi
  5. Spermatozoa
  6. Apices
209
Q

Rhinotomy

A

Incision of the nose

210
Q

Thrombosis

A

Condition of clotting

211
Q

What condition requires the following medical procedures?

CONDITIONS
A. Adenocarcinoma of an endocrine gland in the neck
B. Epilepsy
C. Heart attack
D. Leukemia
E. Osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer)
F. Renal cell carcinoma
G. Stomach ulcer
H. Urinary bladder carcinoma

PROCEDURES

  1. Below-the-knee resection (amputation)
  2. Bone marrow biopsy
  3. Electrocardiogram
  4. Cystoscopy
  5. Nephrectomy
  6. Thyroid gland resection
  7. Gastroscopy
  8. Electroencephalogram
A
  1. Below-the-knee resection (amputation) = E. Osteogenic sarcoma
  2. Bone marrow biopsy = D. Leukemia
  3. Electrocardiogram = C. Heart Attack
  4. Cystoscopy = H. Urinary bladder carcinoma
  5. Nephrectomy = F. Renal cell carcinoma
  6. Thyroid gland resection = A. Adenocarcinoma
  7. Gastroscopy = G. Stomach ulcer
  8. Electroencephalogram = B. Epilepsy
212
Q

What is the principal diagnosis?

A

The cause, after evaluation, for the patient’s admission to the hospital

213
Q

What is a POA diagnosis? What does POA stand for?

A

POA = present on admission

Reflects the incidental conditions that are noted and treated if necessary but are not the cause for hospital admission

214
Q

What is the admitting diagnosis?

A

The cause, BEFORE further evaluation, for admission to the hospital

215
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling due to slow or sluggish blood flow
Fluid seeps out of tiny vessels into tissue spaces
Often caused by a blood clot in a blood vessel

216
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Slight increase in the number of NORMAL white blood cells as a response to infection

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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