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IB Global Politics > CHAPTER 4: PEACE AND CONFLICT > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4: PEACE AND CONFLICT Flashcards

1
Q

What is Peace?

A
  1. It is the absence of violent conflict; however, not just that
  2. The key goal is to be a sustainable state of peace (with absolutely no violence at all)
  3. Peace cannot be simply examined by visible evidence measuring a state of peace depends on deeper assessment. Deeper level of harmony that a society, state or region enjoys
  4. Negative Peace and Positive Peace
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2
Q

Negative Peace

A
  1. Involves merely the absence of active, organized violence by state groups
  2. Violent conflict may have been absent for many years (in more stable states) or it may have ended very recently (ceasefires and truces)
  3. This assessment of peace does not look any further or deeper, considering the factors contributing to non-violence
  4. Most useful at the first stage in conflict resolution (stop immediate violence)
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3
Q

Positive Peace

A
  1. Looks more deeply at what helps sustain peace beyond reducing violence
  2. No visible violence and no deeper social causes of conflict
  3. Society would become fair and equal to all people
  4. Former enemies would make peace and each has an equal stake in society
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4
Q

Efforts to make sustainable peace in Somalia in 2012

A
  1. Re-established a representative parliament
  2. Agreed on a new national constitution
  3. Efforts were made to reintegrate former militants back into society
  4. Aim was to create political equality in Somalia
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5
Q

Realist vs. Liberalist Perspective on Negative Peace

A
  1. Realist view: the more natural state in an anarchical world order. The states exist to protect and advance their own national interests. Their priority is national security over peace for its own sake
  2. Liberal view: a desirable and realistic first objective, perhaps to be achieved through diplomacy, negotiation and with the assistance of IGOs, it is a means to an end, rather than an end in itself
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6
Q

Realist vs. Liberalist Perspective on Positive Peace

A
  1. Realist view: an unrealistic aim. It is natural for states to compete with each other. Equal status among nation states is both impossible and undesirable
  2. Liberal view: the desired final state in all conflict situations, both are seen as realistic and achievable. Both sides will be willing to make big concessions on core interests and seek to reconcile and forgive
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7
Q

Galtung peace formula

A
  1. peace = (equity + harmony) / (violence + trauma)
  2. Norwegian peace theorist named Johan Galtung came up with Four key components that influence the presence or absence of peace
  3. Links them to specific tasks required to develop positive peace
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7
Q

Increasing equity to achieve peace

A
  1. Must operate on the basis of equality in order to have peace
  2. Political Equality: All adult citizens have the right to vote, participate in political systems
  3. Opportunity: All citizens have the right to have equal opportunities and access to resources
  4. Legal equality: every citizen is equal and no citizen is above the law
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8
Q

Increasing Harmony to achieve peace

A
  1. Hardest to measure of all the components of a peaceful society
  2. All individuals in a society work together despite the differences
  3. Increased through Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
  4. Measured through opinion polls, reveal public attitudes towards various issues
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9
Q

Decreasing violence to achieve peace

A
  1. Violence is a physical or psychological that can be caused either by physical force by groups in conflict or by structures within society or government
  2. If both sides in a conflict agree to truce, violence may be reduced
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10
Q

Decreasing trauma to achieve peace

A
  1. The emotional shock following the stress of conflict or violence
  2. This can lead to long-term distress and harm, bitterness and grievance which when left unsolved is likely to cause a return to conflict
  3. May be reduced by either retributive justice or restorative justice
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11
Q

Retributive Justice

A

a theory of justice that considers punishment, if proportionate, to be the best response to crime

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11
Q

Restorative Justice

A

it is a system of criminal justice which focuses on the rehabilitation of the offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large

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12
Q

The link between peace and power

A
  1. Power plays an important role in developing peace and the distribution of power and the global order play a role in this
  2. Power may be used by one state alone (unipolarity) or by two rivals (bipolarity)
  3. Power may also be distributed among many states (multipolarity) and non-state groups
  4. Identifying which global order is dominant at any one time is complex
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13
Q

Unipolarity

A
  1. One great power (hegemon) exists which cannot be challenged militarily
  2. Realists call his hegemonic stability theory: absolute power and dominance that leads to no conflict as no states would challenge the hegemon
  3. Long term conflict may result as others seek to remove power from the hegemon
  4. Truly global hegemons are extremely rare
    and Hegemons are more likely to exist at a regional level rather than global level
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14
Q

Bipolarity

A
  1. In the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were in bipolar competition
  2. Mutually assured destruction: when both sides would be able to inflict damage
  3. There were prolonged instability with proxy wars
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15
Q

Proxy war

A

a war started by major power, where smaller powers are fighting

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16
Q

Multipolarity

A
  1. Many analysts agree that the current world order is multipolar
  2. There are many powers that are competing with each other
  3. Non-state groups are challenging nation states in armed conflict
  4. Realists believe that there is more instability in a multipolar order
  5. Liberals believe if many states have power, increases the possibility of collaboration
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17
Q

World Order

A

the political, social or economic situation at a particular time

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18
Q

Democratic peace theory

A
  1. Some theorists believe that democracy itself promotes peace
  2. Conflict between democratic states are rare
  3. Fairer balance of power and distribution of wealth and resources
  4. Internal stability reduces potential sources of grievance
  5. Promotes dispute resolutions through democratic and not violent means
  6. Previous success of democratic models makes it clearer how conflict can be avoided
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19
Q

The Security Dilemma

A
  1. Realists believe that strong national security and defence are the main priorities because they protect states from potential aggressors and secure power over its competitors
  2. Critics argue that as states build up security, it may be seen as aggressive from others
  3. Other states may build up their military security as a counter-defence
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20
Q

Pathways to peace - Peace-making

A
  1. Stopping violent conflict and creating negative peace and temporary stability through negotiation(for ceasefire or truce)
  2. Allow further mediation or negotiation, building trust between both sides
  3. Original causes of conflict will not yet be resolved
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21
Q

Pathways to Peace - Peace-keeping

A
  1. Sustaining negative peace to allow positive peace to be built
  2. Independent peacekeepers will start to intervene in ceasefire to ensure that the peace holds, allowing positive peace to be built
  3. Priority is monitoring agreements made during the peace-making processes
  4. Peace-keeping continues to be a major activity for the United Nations
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22
Q

Pathways to Peace - Peacebuilding

A
  1. Building of sustainable, positive peace and long-term conflict resolutions
  2. Incudes stabilization efforts to build longer-lasting peace and security
  3. Involves significant development assistance to improve health and education
  4. May also involve deeper reconciliation efforts
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23
Q

Pathways to Peace - Truth and Reconciliation Commissions

A
  1. Aim to expose the wrongdoings of all those involved in a conflict
  2. Promotes forgiveness and understanding through the exposure e.g. publicizing accounts of the conflict and trying to understand opposing views
  3. Involves accepting the situation that it is (status quo) and trying to rebuild friendships
  4. South Africa and Sierra Leone achieved balance between each other
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24
Q

Non-Violent conflict

A
  1. Groups often disagree with each other in an entirely peaceful way, without violence
  2. A legitimate structure(democratic structure typically) or process for dialogue is in place, everyone involved is using this
  3. Violent solutions are against the core interests of all parties
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24
Q

Pathways to Peace - Peace through justice(with examples)

A
  1. War criminals have been prosecuted in special courts
  2. Before the ICC in 2002, special tribunals were authorized by UN Security Council
  3. ICT for the Former Yugoslavia has sentenced 74 individuals for war crimes
  4. The ICC had made two convictions, both from the Democratic Republic of Congo
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25
Q

What is Conflict?

A
  1. Fundamentally about disagreement and competition over power, ideas, identity, resources
  2. The broadest definition of conflict covers a wide spectrum of concepts From peaceful disagreement(non-violent conflict) in its mildest form, to violent conflict involving many states
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26
Q

Insurgency

A

an attempt by a group of people to take control of their government using force

27
Q

Examples of non-violent conflict

A
  1. Iran nuclear weapon’s programme: resolved through diplomacy and negotiation
  2. European Union and the Eurozone crisis: disputes solved through discussions
  3. Scottish independence: resolved through a democratic referendum
28
Q

Austerity

A

when a government has a policy of trying to reduce the amount of money it spends

29
Q

Violent Conflict

A
  1. Violence can be direct violence (measured by the number of people killed) or physical damage to infrastructure
  2. Can be caused by a lack of trust between sides, the lack of structures for Dispute Resolution, and the existence of grievance and trauma deepening the conflict.
  3. Caused by Lack of trust between both sides of the conflict
30
Q

Examples of violent conflicts

A
  1. Kurdistan and Turkey: Kurdish have been fighting an insurgency against Turkey
  2. Russia Ukraine: physical fighting against territories around Ukraine
  3. Syria: civil war began in Syria in 2011
31
Q

Causes of Conflict

A
  1. There is rarely just one single cause or condition to conflict
  2. By the nature of conflict, different sides in a conflict will not agree on the causes
  3. Galtung’s conflict triangle
32
Q

Galtung’s Conflict Triangle(attitude, behavior, and contradictions)

A
  1. All three factors must be present for a full conflict to exist and they all need to be stopped for a conflict to end
  2. Each factor reinforces the other and eventually escalates
  3. If only one factor exists, then conflict may be likely to develop over time
  4. Violent conflict can e analysed at the obvious and hidden levels. where obvious levels are clear evidence of violent conflict (number of people injured, etc.) and hidden levels are deeper causes and conditions of conflict
  5. Galtung’s conflict triangle applies to both violent and non-violent conflict
33
Q

Behavior - Galtung’s conflict triangle

A
  1. Violence, genocide, insurgency attacks, discriminatory acts
  2. Reduces through peacekeeping
34
Q

Contradiction - Galtung’s conflict triangle

A
  1. Violence, genocide, insurgency attacks, discriminatory acts
  2. Reduces through peacekeeping
35
Q

Attitudes/assumptions - Galtung’s conflict triangle

A
  1. Racism, discriminatory attitudes, sexism, victimhood, trauma
  2. Reduced through peace-making
36
Q

Manifest level

A

how people act encourages conflict, immediate evidence of conflict

37
Q

Conditions make violent conflict more likely

A
  1. Little or no democratic means of dispute resolution
  2. Wealth, territory or resources shared unequally and controlled by powerful elites
  3. Government is above the law, making arbitrary and illegitimate decisions
  4. Judicial system is absent or interfered with, not independent or fair.
  5. Human rights are abused
37
Q

Latent level

A

how people think encourages conflict, deeper causes of conflict

38
Q

Conditions making violent conflict less likely

A
  1. Democratic institutions exist, with full political equality and participation
  2. Equal sharing of wealth and resources within a country
  3. Equality of opportunity for all (however it is difficult to achieve this)
  4. Government respects the rule of law within the country
  5. Disputes can be resolved fairly through a fair and independent judicial system
  6. Respect for human rights (especially of minorities)
39
Q

Galtung’s - Behavior - Syria

A
  1. Assad government: military campaign against insurgency, chemical weapon attacks.
  2. Sunni rebel forces: violent insurgency campaign against the Assad government
  3. Islamic State: military campaign to establish Sunni Islamic caliphate
  4. Assad government: execution of Western journalists
40
Q

Galtung’s - Contradiction - Syria

A
  1. Sunni majority is in conflict with the President’s Shia Alawite sect and feels marginalized by Assad’s Shia-led government
  2. Islamic State believes it is legitimate to create a Sunni Muslim caliphate and does not accept the international borders currently defined
41
Q

Galtung’s - Attitudes/Assumptions - Syria

A
  1. Assad’s government believes it should stay in power and that rebel forces are ‘terrorist’ challenging the legitimate authority of the state
  2. Sunni rebels feel Assad government is not legitimate and feel marginalized and hence they demand greater representation and political equality
42
Q

Types of conflict and groups involved in conflict

A
  1. Different types of conflict exist, depending on two key factors the nature of the groups, and the contradiction that caused the conflict
  2. The nature of the groups involved – for example nation states or non-state groups
  3. The contradiction that is the cause of the conflict – for example, ideology, revolution, etc.
  4. Intrastate war has increased since 1946 and now represents the most common form
  5. Interstate war has decreased steadily since 1946 (less and less common)
43
Q

Conflict Example Afghanistan 2001-2013

A
  1. US War on terror was a state-led conflict against state and non-state groups (Taliban)
  2. Taliban government refused to surrender al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden
  3. US and its allies removed Taliban from power and sought to degrade and destroy al-Qaeda
  4. Aim was to bring Osama bin Laden to justice
43
Q

Conflict Example Iraq 2003 to 2011

A
  1. interstate conflict between US and Iraq
  2. US Accused Saddam Hussein of failure to comply with UN weapons inspections and suspected weapons of mass destruction represented security threat
  3. Sunni insurgency developed in opposition to prolonged presence of US troops
44
Q

Conflict Example Mexico 2006 to present

A
  1. conflict between violent organized criminals and government
  2. Security forces are fighting to control drug-related violence in Mexico
  3. Cartels fight for control of trafficking routes
45
Q

Conflict Example Sri Lanka 1983 to 2009

A
  1. civil war secession between Tamil Tigers and the government
  2. Independent Tamil state established in the north of Sri Lanka
  3. Government defeated the Tamil Tigers in a long battle
46
Q

How is conflict changing?

A
  1. Nature of violent conflict changing.
  2. Observe the differences between ‘old wars’ based on interstate conflict
  3. ‘New wars’ based on new globalized conflicts between civilian and non-state groups
47
Q

New Wars

A
  1. Conflict between civilians and independent militia
  2. Principal groups now involved are non-state groups and rebel groups
  3. Fought for identity – religious, ethnic, tribal
  4. Violence directed against civilians
  5. Financed by non-state groups exploiting local economies and by violent crime
  6. Emphasis on controlling population, displacing minorities
48
Q

Old wars

A
  1. interstate conflict
  2. Principal groups involved ere regular armed forces of nation states
  3. Fought for ideology or geopolitical interests
  4. Violence directed against and between national armed forces
  5. Financed by states (taxation or outside support)
  6. Emphasis on battled to capture territory
49
Q

Conflict Dynamics

A
  1. Analysts have identified similarities between conflicts
  2. Conflicts typically escalate and de-escalate through several phases: Difference, contradiction, polarization, Violence, war, ceasefire, agreement, normalization, reconciliation
50
Q

How to address each stage of conflict(with examples)

A
  1. Difference – cultural peacebuilding (Southern Sudan Peace Commission)
  2. Contradiction – structural peacebuilding (Arab Spring in 2011)
  3. Polarization – elite peace-making (Israel-Palestine conflict)
  4. Violence – peacekeeping (Rwanda in 1994)
  5. War – war limitation (African Union Mission to Somalia)
  6. Ceasefire – peacekeeping (Colombia’s largest left-wing rebel group)
  7. Agreement – elite peace-making (Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland)
  8. Normalization – structural peacebuilding (Somalia since 2012)
  9. Reconciliation – cultural peacebuilding (Truth and Reconciliation commisions
50
Q

Elite peace-making

A

attempts to stop violence which are led by senior leaders

51
Q

Direct Violence

A
  1. If a bomb attack kills people, then direct violence has taken place however direct violence also includes crimes against humanity – systematic direct violence is planned
  2. Genocide is seen in Rwanda in 1994, is the most extreme form of direct violence
  3. Often is primarily based on identity
51
Q

Structural Violence

A
  1. It is when a government or other forms of power functions in a way that results in
    physical, mental or other harm to individual groups
  2. May be through inequalities(social, political, economic) that deny people fundamental rights
  3. Violence in any kind must contain some form of intent
  4. In general, structural violence, Is a conscious choice, leads to preventable suffering not being prevented, causes people to be harmed through lack of necessities, Is widespread, but often unchallenged and unacknowledged and Is harder to measure and say who is responsible for it
51
Q

Peace enforcement

A

where military force is used to bring about an end to violent conflict

52
Q

Cultural Violence

A
  1. Responsibility is embedded within all levels of a society
  2. May be committed in private, in homes and families as well as in public
  3. Can be identified in the mindset, beliefs and values of a society
  4. In general, cultural violence, may be government-driven or society-driven, Is any aspect of a culture that is used to legitimize violence it its forms, may be harder to eliminate as it is embedded everywhere
53
Q

Non-violence

A
  1. Many political causes are pursued through an active policy of non-violence
  2. Important to distinguish between groups who use non-violent means and groups who are using violent means to achieve a similar final political objective
  3. Islamism – frequently associated with violent extremism, however, objectives may also have been pursued non-violently
54
Q

Pacisfism

A
  1. Strongest commitment to non-violence is seen in pacifism (violence is always wrong)
  2. Emphasises peaceful and non-violent solutions to all disputes
  3. Pacifism states that war and violence are unjustifiable in all contexts
  4. Place considerable importance on developing human rights
  5. Strengthening the capacity for international organizations to resolve conflict
55
Q

Terrorism

A
  1. Form of violence that has gained significant international attention since 2001
  2. Posed a security risk to nation states for a long time
  3. There is no agreed definition of terrorism, whether they are terrorists or freedom fighters is debated.
  4. One definition is the threat of violence and the use of fear to coerce (force someone to do
    seething they do not what to by threatening them), persuade and gain public attention
  5. Legitimacy of a group’s actions and objectives must be assessed
56
Q

State terrorism

A

nation states may terrorize their population through violence and threats

57
Q

Sub-state terrorism

A

terrorist attacks against governments and civilians by non-state groups

58
Q

Internationalised terrorism

A

beginning to grow and recruiting activists internationally

59
Q

Just War Theory(Jus ad Bellum: Criteria for Going to War)

A
  1. Right authority – those starting conflict should have legitimate authority to do so
  2. Just cause – it must have the objective of restoring peace
  3. Probability of success – it must also be achievable
  4. Proportionality – action taken must be proportionate to the act of aggression
  5. Last resort – efforts to resolve the conflict peacefully must have been attempted
60
Q

Justification in international law and norms

A

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter has authorized the UN Security Council to
‘determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or the act of
aggression’ and to take military and non-military action to ‘restore the international
peace and security’

61
Q

Jus in bello – conduct during violent conflict

A
  1. International law and treaties govern the conduct of armed conflict
  2. Agreements by treaty are only binding for states that have signed those treaties
  3. Discrimination: There must be a clear distinction between combatants and non-combatants. Attacks should be directed only towards legitimate military targets.
  4. Proportionality: The amount of force used must be proportionate to the military advantage gained, avoiding unnecessary suffering.
62
Q

Conduct During Violent Conflict Treaties

A
  1. Geneva and Hauge Conventions – protection of civilians
  2. The Geneva Protocol – prohibiting the use of poisonous gases
  3. Ottawa Treaty – prohibits the use of landmines by treaty
  4. Convection on Cluster Munitions – prohibiting the use of cluster bombs
63
Q

State sponsored terrorism

A
  1. Definition: Governments offering support to non-state terror groups through funding, training, or weapons.
  2. Examples: Alleged state support for Hezbollah, the mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War.
  3. Impacts: Can escalate regional tensions, undermines international diplomacy.

IB Global Politics (8 decks)

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