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IB Global Politics > CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is development

A
  1. The exact definition of development is debated
  2. Development is often measured by economic growth as A well-managed economy is necessary for in increased standard of living. However, development includes more than just economic growth
  3. Development can therefore be defined as the struggle to fulfill human needs however some argue that for a dignified life, all basic needs are equally important
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2
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. Physiological (bottom of the pyramid)
  2. Safety (defence, national army)
  3. Love/belonging (relationships)
  4. Esteem (whether you have self-esteem or not)
  5. The goal is self-actualization (top of the pyramid), person’s potential and wishes
  6. If the bottom levels are not secure, it will be difficult to achieve upper level
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3
Q

Human Development

A
  1. Process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities
  2. It is more individual focused than socio-political development
  3. Equipment people have to pursue a life of value (good health, knowledge, etc.)
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3
Q

Economic Development

A
  1. Refers to economic growth
  2. Increase productivity and revenue and to establish new industries and innovate
  3. Diversifying the economy into different sectors, rather than relying on one resource
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4
Q

Social-political development

A
  1. Refers to social development: gender equality and education levels
  2. The political aspect: democratic and responsible government
  3. The hope for low corruption levels and independent and unbiased legal system
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5
Q

Development as freedom

A
  1. Refers to people’s access to choice
  2. our approach should focus on goals of development, rather than the methods(Economists Amartya Sen)
  3. Economic growth does not automatically lead to development
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6
Q

GDP Per Capita - Measuring Development

A
  1. overall income of a country is divided by the population
  2. Major advantage of this method is that it is simple
  3. However, does not consider how the income in a country is distributed and may be misleading
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7
Q

The Gini Coefficient

A
  1. is used to measure how equal or unequal societies are by looking at wealth distribution
  2. Given as a number between 0 and 1
  3. The more equal the society is, the Gini coefficient is close to 0
  4. Can be used as an indicator for development
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8
Q

More complex measures of development

A
  1. Some measures attempt to capture aspects of development other than just economic data
  2. Human Development Index (life expectancy, education and income) (most commonly used)
  3. Happy Planet Index (variables that measures the long-term impact on environment)
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9
Q

Modernization Theory

A
  1. It is the oldest theory of development
  2. Based on the study of economic history of industrialized Western nations
  3. Countries to modernize and develop by imitating what the industrial countries did

4, Walt Whitman Rostow is the most well-known modernization theorist

  1. He described five distinct stages of development: Traditional societies, preconditions for take off, progress, the drive to maturity, high mass consumption
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10
Q

Rostow’s 5 stages of development

A
  1. Traditional societies: societies that are based on subsistence agriculture, with low levels of technology and pre-scientific values
  2. Preconditions for take-off: societies that have started to introduce money and banking into their economy, and have a new class of entrepreneurs
  3. Progress: the societies in which values that encourage economic growth are widespread and growth of certain economic sectors has become common
  4. The drive to maturity: the societies with an economy that is diversifying and producing an increasingly large variety of goods
  5. High mass consumption: the societies in which wealth and the production and consumption of modern consumer goods are widespread
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11
Q

The Washington Consensus

A
  1. In the 1990s, a lighter version of the neoliberalist ideology emerged
  2. emphasis on free market non-interventionism but also supports strong institutions and ‘good policies’
  3. Tries to find a balance between complete deregulation and the government
  4. Pro-democracy and can only function where the rule of law is respected
  5. Influenced global development strategies such as Millennium Development Goals
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12
Q

Stagnation

A

a situation in which a state’s economy is not growing or succeeding

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13
Q

Globalization

A
  1. a process of interaction and integration. It occurs between people, trading entities and governments of different nations
  2. When people travel, and interact, they take their ways of thinking with them
  3. Modern globalization is usually seen as being driven by international trade
  4. Developments allow modern people to interact and share ideas, goods and services
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14
Q

Factors that influenced globalization

A
  1. Increasing use of English as global language
  2. International trade
  3. Information technology and social media
  4. Cheap air travel
  5. Relaxation of visa rules and border controls
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15
Q

Economic Globalization

A
  1. Significant increase in the integration and interdependence of global economies
  2. Cross-border movement of services, products, money and technologies
  3. World Trade organizations (Doha process) aimed to reduce tariffs
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16
Q

Political Globalization

A
  1. Increase of global governance beyond nation states
  2. A rise in influence for IGOs and NGOs
  3. Aided in working towards aims and methods to tackle global problems such as climate change
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17
Q

Cultural Globalization

A
  1. Increased sharing of ideas, meanings and values across the world
  2. Cross-border flow of cultural norms, values and media products
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18
Q

Impact of economic globalization on states(with examples)

A
  1. freer movement of capital
  2. Products, business ideas, and a greater access to cheaper labour
  3. E.g. American business ideas have been imported to China and German cars are now built in Mexico because labour is cheaper there
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19
Q

Impact of political globalization on states

A
  1. give citizens greater access to powerful groups
    that may have influence over nation states
  2. With new technology, encouraged ‘citizen journalism’
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20
Q

Impact of cultural globalization on states

A
  1. access to rights, norms, beliefs, roles and expectations
  2. Increased sharing of ideas and availability of products
  3. E.g. Hollywood film industry has influenced the global notion
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21
Q

Impact of economic and cultural globalization on private groups

A
  1. Economic and cultural have an impact on national corporations and MNCs
  2. Increasing trade and investment opportunities
  3. Spreading business ideas beyond a nation’s borders
22
Q

Impact of economic and cultural globalization on private groups - Jack Ma

A
  1. After visiting the US, Chinese entrepreneur Jack Ma founded Alibaba
  2. China-based online marketplace
  3. Currently serves more than 240 countries and territories
  4. Ma has become one of the world’s richest individuals
  5. Chinese regulatory crackdown made him go into hiding
23
Q

Dependency Theory

A
  1. Also called World Systems theory was popular during the 1960s and 1970s
  2. Criticised the modernization theory and had roots in Marxism
  3. Focuses on the structure of the world economy rather than individual states
24
Q

Assumptions of dependency theory

A
  1. Underdeveloped states are locked into an unequal system of global trade
  2. Rich countries are set to benefit more, at the cost of poorer countries
  3. Linked with Centre-periphery model
25
Q

Impact of political globalization on private groups

A

access to international aid services and pressure groups

26
Q

Impact of economic globalization on culture

A

access to ideas, products and services from other cultures

27
Q

Impact of political globalization on culture

A

the promotion of cultural norms on a global platform

28
Q

Impact of cultural globalization on culture

A
  1. world cultures are becoming more and more homogenized
  2. arguably more Westernized culture around the world e.g. Prevalence of Western music, films, consumer culture etc.
  3. Counterargument: increased hybridization (mixing)
29
Q

Impact of economic globalization on global political interaction

A
  1. reducing the potential for armed conflict
    because national economies have become increasingly dependent on other states
  2. Trading relations are increasingly interlinked
    and each country has significant sales and interest in the other
  3. Any armed conflict would result in massive economic problems for both
  4. E.g. China is one of Japan’s main export partners yet they sometimes have tense diplomatic relations concerning territory and in the past they have been enemies
29
Q

Impact of political globalization on global political interaction

A
  1. forcing states to cooperate more on issues raised e.g. Women’s rights should be central policy for countries to develop, Discussions about controlling birth rate, Debates about how to decreasing corruption, Policies on improving healthcare (especially for children) and ways to decrease sexually transmitted diseases
30
Q

Inequality of globalisation

A
  1. widely acknowledged that globalization has both advantages and disadvantages, and that its benefits are not evenly distributed. Inequality exists between the countries and between various groups within countries because of globalization
31
Q

Advantages of globalization on inequality

A
  1. Increased economic growth: the economies that have access to more markets, workers and resources are more likely to grow, this can mean more wealth for more people
  2. Improved standard of living: some workers who work within growing economies have more purchasing power and can access a wider variety of ideas, products and services
  3. Globalized countries can become more democratic: economies that become more financially open usually have to become more politically open, greater freedoms are enjoyed
  4. Cultural development: globalized cultures tend to embrace modern ideas, for example, with regards to women’s rights, children’s rights, worker rights and the right of minority groups
32
Q

Disadvantages of Globalization

A
  1. Growing wealth gap: wealth can become concentrated within an elite. For example, Russia opened its energy markets, only a small group of politically individuals benefitted
  2. Wage competition: workers have to compete with workers in other countries, and this places pressure on wages, the result is potentially lower wages. MNCs can threaten to relocate their factories to places with lower worker wages (good for corporate profits)
  3. Price competition: there is global price competition, this means that prices are sometimes lowered. Option to buy abroad is usually only benefitted by large corporations
  4. Regulation avoidance: corporations can locate factories in countries where the regulations are less strict. This will therefore worsen the worker¡¦s conditions
  5. Lack of cultural diversity: does not always lead to an equal exchange of ideas and services
33
Q

Small scale vs. large scale farmers access

A
  1. Small scale farmers have less access to education and capital
  2. whereas Large scale farmers have access to, machinery, technology, negotiators, quality credit, economic predictions, and ability to absorb effects of climate change
34
Q

Economic Sustainability

A
  1. Aims to reduce factors that threaten economic well-being
  2. Establishing sustainable transportation and infrastructure
  3. Investing in education, research, technology, entrepreneurial and workforce skills
  4. Increasing jobs and incomes through business development
  5. Trying to reduce the corruption within an economy
35
Q

Effect of Globalization on economic sustainability

A
  1. Introducing new ideas/techonlogies that can improve the well-being of businesses
  2. Creating new opportunities which were not previously available
  3. Reducing tariffs between countries
  4. Establishing systems to ease monetary flow and access to market places
36
Q

The North-South Divide Overview

A
  1. Economic and political divide between countries in the North and South hemisphere
  2. Global North: US, Canada, West Europe and developed parts of East Asia
  3. Global South: Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia (including Middle East)
  4. All G8 nations are in the global north
  5. G8: refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations: France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, USA, Canada and Russia
37
Q

Global North Nations Characterized by:

A
  1. Technology, urban and manufacturing based economies
  2. Low birth and death rates
  3. Relatively high levels of empowerment for women
  4. Low population density (number of people living in geographical space)
38
Q

Global South Nations characterized by:

A
  1. Agrarian-based (relating to farming) economies
  2. High birth and death rates
  3. Relatively low levels of empowerment for women
  4. High population density compared to Global North
  5. Economic and political dependence on the Global North
  6. Low productivity and low income
39
Q

How to address the north-south divide

A
  1. Allowing the easier transfer of new technology and ideas from North to South
  2. Cancelling or rescheduling debts of the Global South
  3. Increasing the Global South’s representation within global institutions
  4. Addressing the food crises of the Global South quicker
  5. More emphasis on sustainability
  6. Empowering women in the Global South
40
Q

Social Sustainability

A

Aims to reduce factors that threaten human and social well-being

41
Q

Strategies used to address social sustainability

A
  1. Empowerment of women: making the voices of women heard
  2. Addressing poverty: this is a severe issue that needs to be addressed carefully
  3. Reducing corruption: government would become more strong
  4. Emphasis on social justice: importance of social welfare and well-being
  5. Improved health care and education: will in turn increase economic development
42
Q

Empowerment of Women

A
  1. Gender is partially socially constructed(influenced by culture)and partially biologically determined. Genders have gender roles
  2. Literacy, migration, sexual violence, etc. have different impact on men and women
  3. Empowerment of women is an important part of social sustainability
  4. Women do 70% of the world’s work but only earn 10% of the world’s income
43
Q

How to achieve female empowerment

A
  1. More education for girls
  2. Changing cultural stereotypes and expectations for women
  3. Challenging social norms regarding women
  4. Allowing women to own businesses and earn equal wages
  5. Allowing to have access to cultural, political and economic position of power
44
Q

Effects of empowering women on social sustainability

A
  1. Higher proportion of earnings reinvested in the family
  2. 20% increase in children’s survival rate when the mother controls income
  3. A significantly less amount of corruption in the government
  4. Women taking control of their bodies which, Reduces the birth rate, Successful reducing in the early marriage rate, Reduces the HIV infection rate (using more contraception), Results in more girls finishing school and becoming more active
45
Q

Environmental Sustainability

A
  1. Aims to reduce factors that threaten environmental well-being
  2. Focuses on land use, atmosphere, food production and energy use
  3. Economies of the Global North have grown significantly at the expense of the environment
  4. Global South wants to copy the economic success of the Global North which causes tensions because Global North now wants to encourage environmental protections
46
Q

Strategies to address environmental sustainability

A
  1. consumption of energy and water
  2. Waste production
  3. Environmental impact of transport and industry
47
Q

Economic growth and environmental degredation

A
  1. Economies have a significant effect on environmental sustainability
  2. As economies grow, environment degrades (worsen in the condition) because western lifestyle that is filled with consumption is adopted(modernization theory?)
48
Q

Neoliberalism

A
  1. Replaced Dependency theory in the 1980s as the dominant world economic policy
  2. Assumes that the free market is the most fair and efficient way
  3. Government interference almost always has negative long-term consequences for instance It can create sudden economic growth that does not last. Corrupt officials also have a lot of opportunities to take money for themselves illegally
  4. Encourage free enterprise by intervening in the economy as little as possible, leading to to healthy competition and Only the strongest companies survive and grow which leads to sustainable long-term growth and development
  5. Development should grow from Foreign Direct Investment rather than government and the Amount spent on public services should become smaller so that people would be encouraged to work and contribute
  6. Supporters are PM Margaret Thatcher (UK) and President Ronald Reagan (USA)
  7. Many say that neoliberalism removed the state from the development process e.g. as is shown through is a lesson learned from the debt crisis of the 1970s
  8. Social cost of reducing government services becomes the responsibility of privates. Privatisation began from this. Healthy competition between social welfare providers leads to less corruption
49
Q

“Trickle-down” effect of neoliberalism

A
  1. Newly created economic wealth will ‘trickle-down’ through all classes of society
  2. Rich use their money to pay for goods and services (rich get richer)
  3. Goods and services providers employs more people to meet the demand
  4. Unemployment decreases as more and more people benefit
50
Q

Structural Adjustment Programs

A
  1. economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  2. Lowering and eventual removal of trade barriers such as import tariffs
  3. The devaluation of currencies, the cutting of public spending
  4. Partial privatization of many public services
  5. Some countries merged stronger but Others found themselves in stagnation (economy is not growing)
  6. Widely criticised for their harsh policies
  7. puts pressure on governments to sign to them because Refusal to participate would result in further cutting of aid
51
Q

Centre-Periphery Model

A
  1. The world is divided into a centre and a periphery
  2. Centre consists of the former colonial powers and other Western countries, The edge consists of newly independent developing countries
  3. The center became rich by exploiting the periphery
  4. Has an interest in maintaining this unequal relationship to be dominant

5.Difficult for all underdeveloped countries to ‘catch up’

  1. The West has an interest in keeping exploited countries poorer

IB Global Politics (8 decks)

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