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Sport Psychology 2 > Chapter 4: Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

Drive to seek out situations with higher degree of effort and intensity.

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2
Q

Achievement motivation

A

Motivation to master tasks, achieve at high level and persist even when confronted by obstacles.

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3
Q

2 types of motivation and examples

A

Extrinsic Motivation: driven by outward reasons (fame, awards, social status)
Intrinsic Motivation: driven by inward reasons (fun, excitement of playing well, learn new skills)

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4
Q

4 types of extrinsic motivation (name plus examples)

A

External Regulation: cash, guilt
Introjected: to please parents
Identified: do yoga to help anxiety for hockey
Integrated: teammates have similar goals

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5
Q

Overjustification

A

When people given external rewards for something that should be intrinsically enjoyed, rewards can undermine intrinsic interest.

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6
Q

Cognitive evaluation theory

A

Impact of external rewards varies depending on:

  • how they’re perceived
  • whether rewards seen as controlling beh. or providing info about performance
  • functional significance athlete attaches to reward
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7
Q

Integrated theory of motivation in sport

A
  • Social factors influence self perceptions
  • Self perceptions influence whether psych. needs are met - competence, autonomy and relatedness (self-determination theory)
  • These social and psych. factors lead to type of motivation experienced
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8
Q

Rewards diminish when…

A
  • added to previously enjoyable activity = discount intrinsic value = overjustification
  • shift in locus of causality - participation controlled by external sources, rather than self-initiated (controlling aspect)
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9
Q

Rewards enhance when…

A

reward provides info on positive aspects of ability, competence, self-determination, pride (informational aspect)

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10
Q

Apply it: how to determine motivation

A
  • find out reasons for participating
  • explore if motivation is unrelated to controllable factors
  • provide opportunities for diff. sensations
  • groups ppl. to work on skills cooperatively
  • if motivation is intrinsic, refrain from rewarding task completion only
  • reward type should reflect activity/outcome
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11
Q

What’s self confidence? It is belief in the…

A
  • ability to learn, acquire and improve skills (open mindedness)
  • ability to execute desired beh. (physical skills)
  • ability to use cognitive and perceptual skills
  • sense of control, autonomy
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12
Q

Self confidence can be… (i.e. trait…etc.)

A
  • trait: characteristic, tendency to continue to believe
  • state/situation-specific - alters moment to moment
  • multidimensional, complex - maintain focus, skill execution, overcome obstacles
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13
Q

Levels of self-confidence/competence (describe in diff. cards) (3)

A
  • Lack of confidence
  • Optimal confidence
  • Overconfidence
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14
Q

Lack of confidence (1/3 levels of self-confidence)

A

Despite actual ability, focus on weaknesses:
- increase self-doubts
- create anxiety
- affect concentration
- lead to indecisiveness
Small amounts may lead to increased motivation

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15
Q

Optimal confidence (1/3 levels of self-confidence)

A
  • convinced goal achievement possible, thus inducing effort to do so
  • positive self judgments sustained regardless of errors
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16
Q

Overconfidence (1/3 levels of self-confidence)

A
  • confidence out of proportion to actual ability

- may induce less prep or effort needed

17
Q

Confidence/self-efficacy according to social cognitive theory

A
  • not global personality trait, fluctuates btwn. situations and context
  • related to perseverance
  • there is relationship btwn. self efficacy and performance
18
Q

Sources self efficacy derives from… (6)

A
  • performance accomplishment (feeling competent)
  • vicarious experience (seeing peers do well)
  • verbal persuasion (support)
  • imaginal experiences (seeing self do well)
  • optimal arousal
  • mood
19
Q

Explain Vealey’s Multidimensional Model of Sport Confidence from top to bottom

A
  • Demographic and personality characteristics, Organizational culture LEAD TO
  • Sources of sport confidence: Achievement, Self regulation, Social climate LEAD TO
  • Types of sport confidence: Cog. efficiency, Physical skill and training, Resilience LEAD TO or DERIVE FROM
  • Affect, Beh., Cognition LEAD TO or DERIVE FROM
  • Performance DERIVES FROM
  • Uncontrollable external factors, Physical skill and characteristics
20
Q

Apply it: building self confidence (6)

A
  • Match abilities to indv. (make it doable)
  • Choose appropriate model
  • Feedback and accomplishment recording: frame tasks as measures of technical skill, not general abilities
  • Create routines
  • Visualize successful outcomes
  • Listen for, encourage positive self talk
21
Q

Psychological Momentum

A
  • “change in cognition, affect, physiology, beh. caused by precipitating events, resulting in immedicate shift in performance”
  • confidence trigger: 1st goal, interceptions
  • enhancer: crowd, game importance, winning streak
22
Q

How to break opponents’ psyc. momentum

A
  • slow play, timeout, switch players
  • focus on own team
  • focus on each play
23
Q

Social loafing

A

tendency to reduce own output when contributions on task will be combined with others because they believe own contributions will not be identified

24
Q

Theories of Achievement Motivation (describe in diff. cards) (5)

A
  • Need achievement theory
  • Self-efficacy theory
  • Competence motivation theory
  • Sport-confidence model
  • Achievement goal theory
25
Q

Need achievement theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)

A
  • describes role of personal and situational factors in predicting achievement beh.
  • ppl vary in degree of cous on both ACHIEVING SUCCESS and AVOIDING FAILURE
  • take into consideration PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS and INCENTIVE VALUE OF SUCCESS
  • interaction of these personal and situational factors influences athletes’ RESULTANT/BEH. TENDENCIES and EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
26
Q

Self-efficacy theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)

A
  • importance of having belief in one’s own ability to carry out given task
  • influenced by person’s own exps, vicarious exps, verbal persuasions and emotional and physiological states
27
Q

Competence motivation theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)

A 
Positive exps. lead to increase in:
- self-efficacy
- positive feelings
- perceived competence
Negative exps. lead to:
- increase in negative feelings
- decrease in competence motivation
28
Q

Sport-confidence model (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)

A

Beliefs about competence and confidence based on 3 distinct types of sport-related skills:

  • cognitive efficiency
  • physical skills/training
  • resilience
29
Q

Achievement goal theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)

A
  • Task (mastery) goal orientation: focus on improving own skills and abilities over time (better outcomes)
  • Ego (performance) goal orientation: focus on how they perform compared to others
  • Social approval goal orientation: ppl vary in this - desire for social acceptance and avoiding embarrassment or defeat
30
Q

Mastery-focused environment is characterized by higher levels of… (6)

A
  • perceived competence
  • self-esteem
  • enjoyment
  • intrinsic motivation
  • exp. of the flow
  • better performance
31
Q

Strategies for leaders/coaches to increase athletes’ intrinsic motivation… (6)

A
  • create diff. types of environments for diff. ppl
  • focus on developing all athletes’ skills, rewarding improvements over time and emphasizing importance of effort
  • Be aware of athletes’ motivation for involvement and understand they may change
  • Use appropriate types of reinforcement to motivate
  • Reward right types of behaviours: effort over outcome, emotional and social skills over just physical skills
  • Give personal feedback (reduces social loafing)

Sport Psychology 2 (6 decks)

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