Chapter 4: Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
Drive to seek out situations with higher degree of effort and intensity.
Achievement motivation
Motivation to master tasks, achieve at high level and persist even when confronted by obstacles.
2 types of motivation and examples
Extrinsic Motivation: driven by outward reasons (fame, awards, social status)
Intrinsic Motivation: driven by inward reasons (fun, excitement of playing well, learn new skills)
4 types of extrinsic motivation (name plus examples)
External Regulation: cash, guilt
Introjected: to please parents
Identified: do yoga to help anxiety for hockey
Integrated: teammates have similar goals
Overjustification
When people given external rewards for something that should be intrinsically enjoyed, rewards can undermine intrinsic interest.
Cognitive evaluation theory
Impact of external rewards varies depending on:
- how they’re perceived
- whether rewards seen as controlling beh. or providing info about performance
- functional significance athlete attaches to reward
Integrated theory of motivation in sport
- Social factors influence self perceptions
- Self perceptions influence whether psych. needs are met - competence, autonomy and relatedness (self-determination theory)
- These social and psych. factors lead to type of motivation experienced
Rewards diminish when…
- added to previously enjoyable activity = discount intrinsic value = overjustification
- shift in locus of causality - participation controlled by external sources, rather than self-initiated (controlling aspect)
Rewards enhance when…
reward provides info on positive aspects of ability, competence, self-determination, pride (informational aspect)
Apply it: how to determine motivation
- find out reasons for participating
- explore if motivation is unrelated to controllable factors
- provide opportunities for diff. sensations
- groups ppl. to work on skills cooperatively
- if motivation is intrinsic, refrain from rewarding task completion only
- reward type should reflect activity/outcome
What’s self confidence? It is belief in the…
- ability to learn, acquire and improve skills (open mindedness)
- ability to execute desired beh. (physical skills)
- ability to use cognitive and perceptual skills
- sense of control, autonomy
Self confidence can be… (i.e. trait…etc.)
- trait: characteristic, tendency to continue to believe
- state/situation-specific - alters moment to moment
- multidimensional, complex - maintain focus, skill execution, overcome obstacles
Levels of self-confidence/competence (describe in diff. cards) (3)
- Lack of confidence
- Optimal confidence
- Overconfidence
Lack of confidence (1/3 levels of self-confidence)
Despite actual ability, focus on weaknesses:
- increase self-doubts
- create anxiety
- affect concentration
- lead to indecisiveness
Small amounts may lead to increased motivation
Optimal confidence (1/3 levels of self-confidence)
- convinced goal achievement possible, thus inducing effort to do so
- positive self judgments sustained regardless of errors
Overconfidence (1/3 levels of self-confidence)
- confidence out of proportion to actual ability
- may induce less prep or effort needed
Confidence/self-efficacy according to social cognitive theory
- not global personality trait, fluctuates btwn. situations and context
- related to perseverance
- there is relationship btwn. self efficacy and performance
Sources self efficacy derives from… (6)
- performance accomplishment (feeling competent)
- vicarious experience (seeing peers do well)
- verbal persuasion (support)
- imaginal experiences (seeing self do well)
- optimal arousal
- mood
Explain Vealey’s Multidimensional Model of Sport Confidence from top to bottom
- Demographic and personality characteristics, Organizational culture LEAD TO
- Sources of sport confidence: Achievement, Self regulation, Social climate LEAD TO
- Types of sport confidence: Cog. efficiency, Physical skill and training, Resilience LEAD TO or DERIVE FROM
- Affect, Beh., Cognition LEAD TO or DERIVE FROM
- Performance DERIVES FROM
- Uncontrollable external factors, Physical skill and characteristics
Apply it: building self confidence (6)
- Match abilities to indv. (make it doable)
- Choose appropriate model
- Feedback and accomplishment recording: frame tasks as measures of technical skill, not general abilities
- Create routines
- Visualize successful outcomes
- Listen for, encourage positive self talk
Psychological Momentum
- “change in cognition, affect, physiology, beh. caused by precipitating events, resulting in immedicate shift in performance”
- confidence trigger: 1st goal, interceptions
- enhancer: crowd, game importance, winning streak
How to break opponents’ psyc. momentum
- slow play, timeout, switch players
- focus on own team
- focus on each play
Social loafing
tendency to reduce own output when contributions on task will be combined with others because they believe own contributions will not be identified
Theories of Achievement Motivation (describe in diff. cards) (5)
- Need achievement theory
- Self-efficacy theory
- Competence motivation theory
- Sport-confidence model
- Achievement goal theory
Need achievement theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)
- describes role of personal and situational factors in predicting achievement beh.
- ppl vary in degree of cous on both ACHIEVING SUCCESS and AVOIDING FAILURE
- take into consideration PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS and INCENTIVE VALUE OF SUCCESS
- interaction of these personal and situational factors influences athletes’ RESULTANT/BEH. TENDENCIES and EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
Self-efficacy theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)
- importance of having belief in one’s own ability to carry out given task
- influenced by person’s own exps, vicarious exps, verbal persuasions and emotional and physiological states
Competence motivation theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)
Positive exps. lead to increase in: - self-efficacy - positive feelings - perceived competence Negative exps. lead to: - increase in negative feelings - decrease in competence motivation
Sport-confidence model (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)
Beliefs about competence and confidence based on 3 distinct types of sport-related skills:
- cognitive efficiency
- physical skills/training
- resilience
Achievement goal theory (1/5 theories of achievement motivation)
- Task (mastery) goal orientation: focus on improving own skills and abilities over time (better outcomes)
- Ego (performance) goal orientation: focus on how they perform compared to others
- Social approval goal orientation: ppl vary in this - desire for social acceptance and avoiding embarrassment or defeat
Mastery-focused environment is characterized by higher levels of… (6)
- perceived competence
- self-esteem
- enjoyment
- intrinsic motivation
- exp. of the flow
- better performance
Strategies for leaders/coaches to increase athletes’ intrinsic motivation… (6)
- create diff. types of environments for diff. ppl
- focus on developing all athletes’ skills, rewarding improvements over time and emphasizing importance of effort
- Be aware of athletes’ motivation for involvement and understand they may change
- Use appropriate types of reinforcement to motivate
- Reward right types of behaviours: effort over outcome, emotional and social skills over just physical skills
- Give personal feedback (reduces social loafing)
