Chapter 10: Team Cohesion

Question 1

Characteristics of a team (5)

Answer 1

• supportive and/or depend on each other
• feeling collective identity, distinctiveness
• structured modes of communication
• goal of obtaining common desired objectives
• group self-efficacy exists

Question 2

3 models of how teams form / how cohesion evolves (describe in diff. cards)

Answer 2

1. Linear model of cohesion - Tuckman
2. Budge pendular model of cohesion - Budge
3. Life cycle model of cohesion

Question 3

Linear model of cohesion - Tuckman (1/3 models of how teams form / how cohesion evolves)

Answer 3

• forming
• storming
• norming
• performing
• adjourning

Question 4

Pendular model of cohesion - Budge (4) (1/3 models of how teams form / how cohesion evolves)

Answer 4

• Orientation: share anxieties, aspirations, hope
• Differentiation and conflict: subdivide, roles
• Resolution and cohesion: prep for common threat
• Termination: season finish = consequences

Question 5

Life cycle model of cohesion (1/3 models of how teams form / how cohesion evolves)

Answer 5

cohesion changes over time within group

Question 6

Describe Group Structure - Roles

Answer 6

• shared expectations of beh. that differentiate members
• formal (assigned) vs informal (evolve from group)
• role clarity vs ambiguity - indv. role understanding
• role acceptance - want to enact role
• avoidance of role conflicts

Question 7

3 types of Role Conflicts

Answer 7

1. Intrarole: contradictory demands for 1 indv. in single role (told to be aggressive, penalty for doing so)
2. Interrole: 1 indv. enacting 2 roles with conflicting expectations (player-manager=playing and firing)
3. Person-role: unable/unwilling to fulfill duties (moved to new position on team)

Question 8

Group Norms, what they’re established for and how they’re developed

Answer 8

• structured rules that govern manner in which group is organized and maintained
• established for practices, effort, attitude and member relationships
• Developed via critical members (coach, captain), critical events, primacy (1st beh.), carryout behs. (from other groups)

Question 9

Composition and how it increases performance

Answer 9

• degree group hetero/homogeneity can affect interactions and productivity
• similarity increases performance = sports of similar tasks
• diversity increases performance = sports of distinct tasks

Question 10

Steiner’s model of Groups and Performance

Answer 10

• As group size increases, more potential for productivity BUT efficiency of group processes suffer, decrease in performance can result
• Performance dependent on how much ability each member has, similarity of abilities + effort each member contributes and effectiveness of team strategies - timing, predicting each others’ actions

Question 11

Social loafing is reduced when… (7)

Answer 11

• indv. outputs may be measured
• indv. contributions to outcome are perceived to be significant
• task has meaning
• positive feelings toward each other
• other teammates perceived to be equal
• competition perceived to be high in ability
• empathy of player position

Question 12

Cohesion

Answer 12

dynamic process reflected in tendency for group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its goals

Question 13

2 types of cohesion

Answer 13

1. Task: degree that group members work toward common goal

2. Social: degree of interpersonal attraction btwn. group members

Question 14

Determinants of cohesion (5)

Answer 14

• personal satisfaction
• communication
• team prior success
• proximity - interaction, familiarity
• team efficacy/collective efficacy (enhanced with mastery climate)

Question 15

Consequences of cohesion (7)

Answer 15

• improved performance
• improved team efficacy
• perceived psychological momentum
• team stability
• excuses/external blame less acceptable
• enhanced mood - see pre-performance anxiety as facilitative; increases perceptions of competence, autonomy and relatedness (self-determination theory)
• personal satisfaction, growth

Question 16

Example of halo effect

Answer 16

star player does bad act - no big deal

Question 17

Conceptual model of team cohesion and its 4 types

Answer 17

• describes importance of both athletes’ own indv. attraction to group and his/her feelings about group as a whole
  1. Indv. attraction to group - social cohesion
  2. Indv. attraction to group - task cohesion
  3. Group integration - social cohesion
  4. Group integration - task cohesion

Question 18

Direct measurement of team cohesion (plus example)

Answer 18

• members asked about feelings toward team and team members
  i. e. Group Environment Questionnaire: measures members’ attraction in 4 ways across 2 dimensions:
• both social and task aspects of members’ indv. attraction to group
• both social and task aspects of group integration

Question 19

Indirect measurement of team cohesion (example only)

Answer 19

Sociogram: examines particular patterns of relationships within team

Question 20

Carron’s model of cohesion (include the 3 factors)

Answer 20

• describes how a number of factors influence development of cohesion:
  1. Environmental: contractual obligations, organizational orientation
  2. Personal: traits, motivations, mindset
  3. Team: team characteristics (stability, size)

Question 21

Collective efficacy

Answer 21

belief team members will act together to reach performance goals

Question 22

Strategies for Building Team Cohesion (for coaches and team members)

Answer 22

Coaches: create task-focused team climate - emphasis on progress, not just winning
Team members: positive reinforcement, avoid conflicts

Question 23

Coactive, Dyadic and Interactive sports

Answer 23

Coactive: little interaction btwn. members (golf, skiing)
Dyadic: 2 players coordinate actions (doubles tennis, beach volleyball)
Interactive: players coordinate actions (soccer, hockey)