chapter 4 learning objectives Flashcards
define concentration
a measure of the quantity of a substance contained in a specified volume of solution.
define concentration gradient
gradient represents potential energy.
-difference in solute concentrations between two adjacent regions (a solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region).
why does diffusion require a gradient?
because
discuss simple diffusion
- form of passive transport in which a substance moves down its concentration gradient without the use of a transport protein.
- does not require energy
- moves material in the direction of a concentration gradient
discuss osmosis
- is the movement of H2O into the cell membrane
- is a simple diffusion
- water diffuses from the left side (low solute concentration) toward the right side (high solute concentration).
- no protein required
discuss facilitated diffusion
- form of passive transport in which a substance moves down its concentration gradient with the aid of transport proteins
- needs ATP from protein
discuss active transport
movement of substances across a membrane against its concentration gradient, using a carrier protein and energy from ATP
discuss endocytosis
form of transport in which the cell membrane engulfs extracellular activity
-requires energy
discuss exocytosis
form of transport in which vesicles containing cell secretions fuse with cell membrane
Define hypertonic
- highly concentrated solution
- water is moving out of the cell
- crentation
Define hypotonic
- low concentration “dilute”
- water is moving in the cell
- lysis
Define isotonic
- equal concentration
- no net gain
Define vesicle
a membrane bonded sac that transports materials within a cell
what does vesicle formation allow? a
vesicle formation allows very large macromolecules (such as polypeptides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc) to cross membrane.
Define “energy.”
the ability to do work. Work is to move matter.