chapter 2 learning objectives Flashcards
how many amino acids are there? and how are they all related?
Recall that there are 20 amino acids synthesized by all cells; all amino acids are identical except for the R-group.
why are proteins different from each other?
because they are made up of different COMBINATIONS of amino acids.
what must polypeptides do in order to become a protein and function properly?
polypeptides must fold into the correct 3D shape in order to become a protein and function properly.
what do proteins do?
all the work in the cell
lower energy required to complete a reaction
structure- cell membrane and cytoskeleton
what are the 3 parts to a nucleotide?
phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
what are examples of steroids?
Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, other sex hormones
what is the structure of a steroid?
steroids are lipids that have a 4 ring structure.
what are fatty acids a part of?
fatty acids are part of triglycerides and part of phospholipids.
what kind of lipid are fats and oils?
triglycerides
where do fats that are solid at room temperature come from? where do fats the that are oils at room temperature come from?
fats are solid at room temp and come from animals b. oils are liquid at room temp and come from plants
Recall the 3 major classes of lipids
triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids.
a. Which lipids are used for long-term energy storage? b. Which lipids form the cell membrane? c. Which lipids are a type of hormone?
a. triglycerides
b. phospholipids
c. steroids
how are lipids related to each other?
lipids are heterogenous (not as the same as each other) and are not all made up of monomer subunits
what are polysaccharides made of?
monosaccarides
what are monosaccharides?
monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
Explain what it means when a protein is denatured
a protein becomes denatured when there is heat, excessive salt, or the wrong pH. A denatured protein will have its shape changed and function lost.
what is a proteins 3d shape is made of?
Primary protein structure, Secondary protein structure, Tertiary protein structure, Quaternary protein structure
what is a Primary protein structure, Secondary protein structure, Tertiary protein structure, Quaternary protein structure?
a primary structure is a straight chain,
a secondary structure results from hydrogen bonds between the parts of the polypeptide, it includes coils, sheets, and loops. There are 2 types alpha helix and beta sheet.
A tertiary structure is a secondary structure plus a random additional folds.
A quaternary structure is the 3D shape it is the tertiary subunits joined together.
Define ”Protein” “polypeptide” and “amino acid.” Explain the difference between them.
a protein is a macromolecule that is a chain of amino acids. An amino acid is the building block of a protein. A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids.
Define ‘nucleic acid” and “nucleotide.” Explain the difference between them
A nucleic acid is a long polymer if of nucleotides (Examples RNA and DNA). A nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acid.
State the function of cholesterol in your cells (regarding the membrane).
Cholesterol regulates and controls membrane transport and also gives the cell its flexibility.
Define “saturated” “unsaturated” and “polyunsaturated”
Saturated is single bonds, unsaturated is at least one double bonds and polyunsaturated has a multiple double bonds. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated are liquid at room temperature and saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
Explain what a fatty acid is.
A fatty acid is the building block of a lipid. They are usually bonded to a glycerol.
Define “lipid” and explain the one property all lipids have in common (hydrophobicity).
a lipid is an organic macromolecule that is made up of fatty acids. They do not dissolve in water because they contain large area dominated by nonpolar carbon-to-carbon hydrogen bonds.
