Chapter 4: Learning, Memory, and Emotions Flashcards
what parts of HM’s brain were removed during his surgery
sections of his medial temporal lobes (including most of his two hippocampi)
what condition did HM get left with after his surgery
amnesia
declarative memory
memory for facts, data, and events
two types of declarative memories
episodic or semantic
semantic memories
cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts you’ve learned through life
episodic memories
unique representations of your personal experiences
portion of the hippocampus responsible for memories of events
dentate gyrus
what structure in the brain mediates emotional significance of memories
amygdala
what nut does the amygdala look like
almonds
what type of human response does the amygdala mediate
fight or flight
what region of the brain helps the hippocampus with episodic memories
parahippocampal
working memory
temporary type of declarative memory
short-term memory
helps you remember stuff for a short period of time
prefrontal cortex abbreviation
PFC
what region helps working memory
prefrontal cortex
other functions of the prefrontal cortex
attention, decision making, and long term planning
when is the PFC most active
when people are trying to keep something in their mind ( like a phone number)
spatial memory
processes information about things and places around you
what region of the brain lights up when you move through a familiar place
hippocampus
where are grid cells located
entorhinal cortex
what do grid cells help to do
they represent coordinates that allow the brain to track your position in space when landmarks are absent
nondeclarative memory
the memory used when you practice skills you’ve had for a long time
what is non-declarative also called
implicit or procedural memory
what three regions of the brain involves motor skill
basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum
ability of synapses to remodel themselves
synaptic plasticity
presynaptic neuron
sending neuron
presynaptic neuron functions
transforms an electrical signal into the release of chemical messengers that diffuse along the synaptic gap to the post-synaptic neuron
what does the membrane of post-synaptic neurons contain
proteins called receptors
what do the proteins of postsynaptic neurons do
interact with neurotransmitters
what happens when proteins bind with neurotransmitters
they release the neurotransmitters and convert the messages into electrical signals
what two types of receptors are critical for the creation of long-term memories
n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)
cAMP- response element binding protein (CREB)
what two processes are key for synaptic plasticity
long-term potentiation (LTP)
long-term depression (LTD)
long term potentiation
long-lasting increase in synaptic strength in the hippocampus
long term depression
decreases synapses’ effectiveness
through what process does our brain change
LTP
what process is critical for long-term memory consolidation
LTP
most common neurotransmitter
glutamate
what classes of glutamate receptors are ion channels
NMDA and AMPA (amino hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
what happens when receptors bind
allow calcium and sodium ions to flow into a cell
what strengthens a synapse
increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell
what type of ion functions as a second messenger
calcium
what boosts the concentration of calcium ions inside a postsynaptic cell
LTP
what depletes the concentration of calcium ions inside the cell
LTD
neurotrophins
stimulate the growth of the synapse and structural elements, stabilizing increased sensitivity to neurotransmitters
who identified the six basic emotions
Paul Ekman
what brain structures are most closely linked with emotions
amydala, insula or insular cortex, and the periaqueductal gray (located in the mid brain)
where is the periaqueductal gray located in
midbrain
from what regions do neurons project into the periaqueductal gray
from the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula
what structure in the brain integrates emotions, emotion, fear, and friends
amydgdala
what type of learning is dependent on the amygdala
classical conditioning
classical conditioning
associating a stimulus with reward or punishment
through which structure do you experience disgust
insula
through which structure do you experience pain
insula
structure tied to pain perception and stress response
periaqueductal gray
receptors for analgesics are located in the
periqueductal gray
what is the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for
self-regulation
reward pathway
hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
reward pathway
mesolimbic pathway
what is the mesolimbic pathway a major pathway for
dopamine
what area in the brain does the mesolimbic pathway link
ventral tegmental area in the midbrain
what is the nucleus accumbens involved in
cognitive processing of rewards and motivation
what two areas in the brain are known to impact motivation and reward
striatum and prefrontal cortex
major node in reward circuitry
lateral habenula
