Chapter 3: Movement Flashcards

1
Q

brain and spinal cord forms

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

attach to the skeleton and span the joints, the sites where two or more bones come together

A

muscles

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3
Q

muscles that bend a joint bringing the bones closer together

A

flexors

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4
Q

muscles that straighten the joint, increasing the angle between the bones

A

extensors

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5
Q

these two muscles work in opposition

A

flexors and extensors

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6
Q

muscles that promote movement

A

agonists

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7
Q

muscles that stop movement of the agonists

A

antagonists

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8
Q

agonists and opposing antagonists contract at the same time

A

co-contraction

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9
Q

system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles

A

central nervous

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10
Q

neuron that controls muscle fibers

A

alpha motor neurons

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11
Q

muscle fibers that form a functional unit

A

motor unit

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12
Q

a disease where motor neurons die

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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13
Q

type of involuntary movement

A

reflexes

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14
Q

best known reflex

A

knee jerk

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15
Q

stretch reflex is also called

A

myotatic reflex

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16
Q

tap below the knee with a small rubber produces a slight stretch of the

A

knee extensor muscle

17
Q

stretch of the knee extensor muscle is sensed within the

A

muscle spindles

18
Q

where are the senses in the spindles sent to to get to the brain

A

by the spinal cord to the brain

19
Q

for the knee jerk response to go through

A

the antagonist flexor muscle must relax

20
Q

set of neurons the brain uses to adjust sensitivity of the system

A

gamma motor neurons

21
Q

receptors located where muscle fibers connect to the tendon

A

Golgi tendon organs

22
Q

detect how much force or tension is applied to a muscle during ongoing movement

A

Golgi tendon organs

23
Q

part of the brain essential for voluntary movement

A

motor cortex

24
Q

regions of the brain also used to control complex or skilled voluntary movements

A

basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and neuron groups located within midbrain and brainstem

25
degeneration of neurons in a brain region called the substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease
26
neurons send signals to basal ganglia using
neurotransmitter dopamine
27
symptoms of Parkinson's
depletion of dopamine, tremor, rigidity
28
uncontrolled jerking or twitching movements
Huntington's disease
29
symptoms of Huntington's stem from
loss of inhibitory neurons in the basal ganglia
30
area of the brain crucial for coordinating and fine-tuning skilled movement
cerebellum
31
receives direct input from sensory receptors in the limbs and heads
cerebellym
32
poor coordination, disorders of balance, and difficulties of speech are caused by disturbance of
cerebellar function
33
long-term alcohol abuse is a common cause of
acquired cerebellar degeneration