Chapter 3: Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

brain and spinal cord forms

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

attach to the skeleton and span the joints, the sites where two or more bones come together

A

muscles

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3
Q

muscles that bend a joint bringing the bones closer together

A

flexors

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4
Q

muscles that straighten the joint, increasing the angle between the bones

A

extensors

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5
Q

these two muscles work in opposition

A

flexors and extensors

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6
Q

muscles that promote movement

A

agonists

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7
Q

muscles that stop movement of the agonists

A

antagonists

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8
Q

agonists and opposing antagonists contract at the same time

A

co-contraction

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9
Q

system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles

A

central nervous

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10
Q

neuron that controls muscle fibers

A

alpha motor neurons

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11
Q

muscle fibers that form a functional unit

A

motor unit

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12
Q

a disease where motor neurons die

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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13
Q

type of involuntary movement

A

reflexes

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14
Q

best known reflex

A

knee jerk

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15
Q

stretch reflex is also called

A

myotatic reflex

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16
Q

tap below the knee with a small rubber produces a slight stretch of the

A

knee extensor muscle

17
Q

stretch of the knee extensor muscle is sensed within the

A

muscle spindles

18
Q

where are the senses in the spindles sent to to get to the brain

A

by the spinal cord to the brain

19
Q

for the knee jerk response to go through

A

the antagonist flexor muscle must relax

20
Q

set of neurons the brain uses to adjust sensitivity of the system

A

gamma motor neurons

21
Q

receptors located where muscle fibers connect to the tendon

A

Golgi tendon organs

22
Q

detect how much force or tension is applied to a muscle during ongoing movement

A

Golgi tendon organs

23
Q

part of the brain essential for voluntary movement

A

motor cortex

24
Q

regions of the brain also used to control complex or skilled voluntary movements

A

basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and neuron groups located within midbrain and brainstem

25
Q

degeneration of neurons in a brain region called the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

26
Q

neurons send signals to basal ganglia using

A

neurotransmitter dopamine

27
Q

symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

depletion of dopamine, tremor, rigidity

28
Q

uncontrolled jerking or twitching movements

A

Huntington’s disease

29
Q

symptoms of Huntington’s stem from

A

loss of inhibitory neurons in the basal ganglia

30
Q

area of the brain crucial for coordinating and fine-tuning skilled movement

A

cerebellum

31
Q

receives direct input from sensory receptors in the limbs and heads

A

cerebellym

32
Q

poor coordination, disorders of balance, and difficulties of speech are caused by disturbance of

A

cerebellar function

33
Q

long-term alcohol abuse is a common cause of

A

acquired cerebellar degeneration