Chapter 4 Learning

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

acquiring a new response (CR) to a previously neutral stimulus (NS) that reliably signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 2

reflex

Answer 2

a stimulus response pair where the stimulus (US) automatically elicits the response (UR)

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

• automatically/reflexively leads to unconditioned response (UR)

Question 4

unconditional response (UR)

Answer 4

response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the US

Question 5

neutral stimulus

Answer 5

-is paired with unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

stimulus that comes to elicit a new response (CR) in classical conditioning

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning

Question 8

aquisition

Answer 8

acquiring a new response (CR) to the conditional stimulus

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

repeated presentation of the CS without the US

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

partial recovery in strength of the conditional response following a break during extinction training

Question 11

stimulus generaliztion

Answer 11

• elicitation of the CR to stimuli that are similar to the CS
• the more stimulus is to the CS, the stronger the response

Question 12

stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

• elicitation of the CR only by the CS or only by a small set of highly similar stimulus that includes the CS

Question 13

Throndike’s Law Effect

Answer 13

• behavior is more likely to continue if it’s followed by something pleasant

Question 14

reinforcement

Answer 14

leads to an increase in behavior

Question 15

positive reinforcement

Answer 15

add something the individual finds pleasant, and the behavior increases

Question 16

negative reinforcement

Answer 16

• take something away that the individual finds unpleasant and the behavior increases
• negative reinforcement ≠ punishment

Question 17

continuous reinforcement

Answer 17

• giving reinforcement every time

- EX: giving a dog a treat every time they sit

Question 18

fixed ratio

Answer 18

• intermittent reinforcement
• after amount of work, treat given
  (still doing behavior)

Question 19

fixed interval

Answer 19

• intermittent reinforcement
• after amount of time, treat given
  (still doing behavior)

Question 20

variable ratio

Answer 20

• intermittent reinforcement
• unknown amount of work
  (unpredictable)

Question 21

variable interval

Answer 21

• intermittent reinforcement
• unknown amount of time
  (unpredictable)

Question 22

Bandura

Answer 22

• “bobo doll experiment”
• randomly assigned condition
• non-agressive model

Question 23

Throndike

Answer 23

• laid groundwork for operant conditioning (law of effect)

-

Question 24

Tolman

Answer 24

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Question 25

Watson

Answer 25

- studied classical conditioning | - little albert and rat study

Question 26

Skinner

Answer 26

- studied operant conditioning

Question 27

punishment

Answer 27

leads to stopping/decrease in behavior