CHAPTER 4 - learning Flashcards
classical conditioning is:
a type of learning that occurs through repeated association, the involuntary linking of a stimulus, over a number of trials, with a stimulus that produces a response
stages of classical conditioning:
before, during, after
key elements of phases of conditioning
NS, UCS, UR, CS, CR
neutral stimulus:
produces no naturally occurring response (bell)
unconditioned stimulus:
something presented naturally occurring response
unconditioned response:
reaction occurring upon presentation of UCS
conditioned stimulus:
something presented repeatedly paired with the UCS, now producing a conditioned response
conditioned response:
reaction occurring with presentation of CS
stimulus generalisation:
tendency of another stimulus to the original one to give a similar response
extinction:
gradual decrease in strength or rate of the CR occurring when UCS is no longer presented
operant conditioning is:
a type of learning where consequence of the beginning determines the likelihood of it being performed again
stages of operant conditioning:
antecedent, behaviour, consequence
antecedent:
trigger of behaviour that comes before the behaviour
behaviour:
the response that happens
consequence:
what happens afterwards
types of reinforcement:
positive: giving positive reinforcer after desired response is made
negative: removing an unpleasant stimulus
types of punishment:
positive: give something undesirable
negative: take something pleasant
observational learning:
learning that occurs when watching another person’s actions and their consequences
stages of observational learning:
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement
attention stage:
learner must actively pay attention to other person’s behaviour
retention stage:
learnt behaviour is stored in memory as a mental representation
reproduction stage:
learner has physical and intellectual ability to convert mental representation into actions
motivation stage:
learner needs to want to imitate the behaviour
reinforcement stage:
if positive reinforcement is given after imitation, the learner is likely to perform the behaviour
