CHAPTER 4 - learning

Question 1

classical conditioning is:

Answer 1

a type of learning that occurs through repeated association, the involuntary linking of a stimulus, over a number of trials, with a stimulus that produces a response

Question 2

stages of classical conditioning:

Answer 2

before, during, after

Question 3

key elements of phases of conditioning

Answer 3

NS, UCS, UR, CS, CR

Question 4

neutral stimulus:

Answer 4

produces no naturally occurring response (bell)

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus:

Answer 5

something presented naturally occurring response

Question 6

unconditioned response:

Answer 6

reaction occurring upon presentation of UCS

Question 7

conditioned stimulus:

Answer 7

something presented repeatedly paired with the UCS, now producing a conditioned response

Question 8

conditioned response:

Answer 8

reaction occurring with presentation of CS

Question 9

stimulus generalisation:

Answer 9

tendency of another stimulus to the original one to give a similar response

Question 10

extinction:

Answer 10

gradual decrease in strength or rate of the CR occurring when UCS is no longer presented

Question 11

operant conditioning is:

Answer 11

a type of learning where consequence of the beginning determines the likelihood of it being performed again

Question 12

stages of operant conditioning:

Answer 12

antecedent, behaviour, consequence

Question 13

antecedent:

Answer 13

trigger of behaviour that comes before the behaviour

Question 14

behaviour:

Answer 14

the response that happens

Question 15

consequence:

Answer 15

what happens afterwards

Question 16

types of reinforcement:

Answer 16

positive: giving positive reinforcer after desired response is made
negative: removing an unpleasant stimulus

Question 17

types of punishment:

Answer 17

positive: give something undesirable
negative: take something pleasant

Question 18

observational learning:

Answer 18

learning that occurs when watching another person’s actions and their consequences

Question 19

stages of observational learning:

Answer 19

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement

Question 20

attention stage:

Answer 20

learner must actively pay attention to other person’s behaviour

Question 21

retention stage:

Answer 21

learnt behaviour is stored in memory as a mental representation

Question 22

reproduction stage:

Answer 22

learner has physical and intellectual ability to convert mental representation into actions

Question 23

motivation stage:

Answer 23

learner needs to want to imitate the behaviour

Question 24

reinforcement stage:

Answer 24

if positive reinforcement is given after imitation, the learner is likely to perform the behaviour