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psychology unit 3 > CHAPTER 2 - nervous system functioning > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 - nervous system functioning Flashcards

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1
Q

role of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

process info from body’s internal and external environments and activate appropriate responses

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2
Q

features of CNS:

A

spinal cord and the brain

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3
Q

roles of the spinal cord:

A
  • receive sensory information from body and send to brain
  • receive motor info from brain and send to relevant parts of the body
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4
Q

role of peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • carries info from internal environment to CNS
  • info from CNS to body’s internal organs/muscles
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5
Q

subdivisions of PNS:

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

roles of somatic nervous system

A
  • carries sensory info to CNS and motor info from CNS to muscles etc
  • voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)
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7
Q

autonomic nervous sytem roles

A
  • connects CNS to body’s internal organs
  • self regulating bodily functions (involuntary)
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8
Q

divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric nervous systems

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9
Q

role of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • activates internal muscles, organs and glands to prepare the body for stressful or threatening situations
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10
Q

sympathetic activation when stressor process:

A

perceived emergency - adrenal glands release adrenaline/cortisol

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11
Q

effects of sympathetic activation:

A

increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, sweat produced

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12
Q

role of the parasympathetic nervous system:

A

helps maintain a normal level of functioning/return body to a state of homeostasis

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13
Q

parasympathetic or sympathetic is more dominant:

A

parasympathetic

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14
Q

roles of neurons & ganglia in enteric nervous system

A
  • detect physiological condition of gastrointestinal tract
  • control gut movement
  • nutrient management
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15
Q

where is the enteric nervous sytem

A
  • embedded in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, composed of clusters of neurons called ganglia
  • mouth, oesophagus, stomach, both intestines
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16
Q

spinal reflex definition

A
  • an unconscious, automatic response to a certain stimuli initiated bye the spinal cord
  • independant of brain
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17
Q

process of spinal reflex:

A

sensory neurons (afferent) go up somatic NS, reach spinal cord which relays message immediately initiated by interneurons which send motor neurons to remove body part from stimuli

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18
Q

conscious response definition:

A

reaction to a stimuli involving awareness, attention will have been paid to the stimulus

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19
Q

conscious response involves which response?

A

a voluntary response (involves awareness)

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20
Q

unconscious response definition:

A

reaction to a stimuli not involving awareness
- bodily responses regulated by the ANS occur automatically in response to stimuli about state of bodily systems

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21
Q

how do neurons communicate?

A

by sending neurotransmitters between synaptic gap of a terminal button of one and the dendrites of another

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22
Q

presynaptic neurons:

A

send info

23
Q

postsynaptic neurons:

A

receive info

24
Q

neurotransmitters definition

A

chemical messengers produced by a neurone that carry messages to other neutrons

25
Q

lock and key model:

A

neurotransmitters binds itself to complimentary receptor site of postsynaptic neuron

26
Q

in presynaptic neuron, NTs are within

A

vesicles

27
Q

what is reuptake?

A

when a NT doesn’t bind to receptors of postsynaptic neuron and so are absorbed back to terminal button of presynaptic

28
Q

excitatory effect of NT:

A

stimulate/activate postsynaptic neuron to perform their function

29
Q

inhibitory effect of NT:

A

block/prevent postsynaptic neuron from firing

30
Q

what is glutamate?

A

the main excitatory NT in the CNS, involved in aspects of brain functioning, learning and memory

31
Q

excitatory effect of glutamate promotes what:

A

promises growth/strengthening of synaptic connections of neurons within a neural pathway
- (too much is bad)

32
Q

what is Gabba Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)?

A

the primary inhibitory NT of the CNS, involved in fine-tuning neural transmission in the brain to maintain optimal neurotransmission level

33
Q

what can happen without GABA?

A

postsynaptic neurons get out of control, causing seizures and anxiety symptoms

34
Q

neuromodulators definition:

A

chemical messenger that changes the reactivity of another NTs to enhance inhibitory or excitatory effect

35
Q

do neuromodulators release into one synapse?

A

no, they’re released into a broad area impacting hundreds of thousands of synapses

36
Q

what is dopamine?

A

a modulatory neurotransmitter with roles in voluntary movement, pleasure, petite and memory (reward based learning)

37
Q

is dopamine excitatory of inhibitory?

A

primarily excitatory, with inhibitory effects in different areas

38
Q

where is dopamine released?
what is involved

A

from the substantia nigra, involved in coordinated muscle movement

39
Q

what happens with a diminished substantia nigra?

A

secretes dopamine, diminished substantia nigra leads to stiff muscles movements and potentially Parkinson’s disease

40
Q

what is serotonin?

A

a modulatory neurotransmitter with roles in mood, appetite, emotional processing, sleep onset and pain perception

41
Q

is serotonin inhibitory or excitatory?

A

serotonin is only inhibitory that helps balance the effects of other neurotransmitters

42
Q

specific role of serotonin:

A

act as a mood stabiliser, low levels of it are associated with depression and less pleasurable experiences

43
Q

serotonin and sleep:

A

important in sleep-wake cycle and increases feelings of wakefulness during the day

44
Q

what is serotonin syndrome?

A

occurs with too much serotonin and elevated heart rate and wakefulness, leads to seizures

45
Q

synaptic plasticity definition:

A

refers to the ability of a synapse to change in response to experiences

46
Q

synaptic plasticity allows for:

A

long term depression and long term potentiation (strengthening of continual used synaptic connections OR weakening of unused synaptic connections)

47
Q

sprouting is:

A

creation of new synapses on a neuron to make connections with other neurons

48
Q

rerouting is:

A

occurs when new connections are made between neurons create alternative neural pathways

49
Q

pruning is:

A

the elimination of weak or unused synapses
“use it or lose it”

50
Q

sprouting, rerouting, pruning can occur after:

A

occur after brain injury or lost brain function to maximise remaining functions

51
Q

Hebb rule:

A

the more you perform a task, the stronger neural connection is at the synapse (associated with learning)

52
Q

long term potentiation is:

A

the strengthening of neural connections after repeated, high frequency transmission

53
Q

LTP allows:

A
  • communication of neurons easier
  • neurons are more responsive
54
Q

long term depression is:

A

the long lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission of neural responses occurring from a lack of stimulation

psychology unit 3 (7 decks)

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