Chapter 4 - Introduction To The Skeletal System And Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What are the structural rolls
Support
protection
movement
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
What are you homeostatic rolls
Mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage
What are the different types of bones
Short flat irregular sesamoid long
What are the long bone regions
Diaphysis: long cylindrical shaft of the bone
Epiphyses: end of the bone
Metaphyses: epiphyseal plates (developing bone) or epiphyseal bone (mature bone)
Marrow/ medullary cavity: hollow cylindrical space with the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow
Surface tissue of a long bone
Endosteum
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Osseous tissue parts
50% mineral salts
25% collagen fibres
25% water
What are the types of Osseous tissue
Compact bone, spongy bone
What are the three principal steps of ossification
Initial phone formation
growth of bones and tell adult size
remodelling and repairer of bones
What are the two processes that can produce bones
Intramembranous ossification- flat bones
Endochondral ossification: long, short and irregular
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification
Occurs with then membranes
tissue sheets have large network of blood vessels
Some cells develop into osteoblasts and start forming spongy bone
Sandwich beginning to forum -connective tissue is the bread and spongy bone is the meat
Connective tissue produces lots of osteocytes that can enter the spongy bone and start to form the compact bone -now termed periosteum
What is endochondral ossification
Early embryonic Skeleton comprised of hyaline cartilage
Cells and Cartilage die creating pockets (starts in future diasphysis)/ periosteum forums and around the cartilaginous model
Periosteum supplies the needed osteoblasts for development
Osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves penetrate the cartilage plate beginning to replace it with spongy bone
Build compact phone
What is bone remodelling and how does it work
Osteoclasts destroy ECM -osteoblasts deposit new ECM
What are the two main parts of the skeleton and how many bones are there in the adult skeleton
Axial skeleton: skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton: upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
206 bones
What are the types of bone surface markings
Depressions /openings: provide space or passageways for soft tissue
Projections /processes: help form joints & provide attachment points for connective tissue
What is the skull function and how many bones are there
Protect brain, sensory organs, provide muscle attachments, provides entry to respiratory and digestive systems
22 bones
What are the bones of the skull
Frontal, parietal, temporal
What are the cranial bones temporal bone landmarks
Zygomatic process mandibular fossa external auditorium meatus mastoid process Styloid process
Are the landmarks of the occipital bone
Occipital condyles, foramen Magnum
What are the major landmarks of the sphenoid bone
Keystone bone, unique saddle shape, part of orbits and nasal cavity,
Greater and Lesser Wing’s, optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, pterygoid process
Major landmarks of Ethmoid bone
Olfactory foramina, cristi galli, superior and middle nasal concha
What Are the facial bones
Two nasal bones, paired maxillae, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, vomer, mandible,
Unique skull features
Nasal septum, orbits, paranasal sinuses, sutures, Fontanels
What are the paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus’s, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus
What are the skull sutures
Coronal, sagittal, lanbdoid, squamous
What are the fontanels of an infant
Anterior, posterior, anteriorlateral, posteriorlateral
What does the Hyoid bone do
Supports tongue, pharynx and larynx muscles
Is the anatomy of the vertebral column
26 bones 7 cervical 12 Thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum 1 coccyx
Where and what are the intervertebral discs
Between adjacent vertebra made of Fibrocartilage and gelatinous material
What is the anatomy of the vertebra
Body
vertebral foramen
vertebral arch: spinal process, transverse processes, superior articular process, inferior articular process
intervertebral foreign
C1, no body, articulate with occipital bone, allows yes movement
Atlas
C2, tall body, dans projects into the veritable foramen, allows for no movements
Axis
What has five fused vertebra
Sacrum
What has four fused vertebra
Coccyx
What makes the Thoracic cage
reads, sternum, body of vertebra
Ribs (costal bones)
7 true ribs
5 false ribs
2 floating ribs
Anatomy of rib
Head superior and inferior facets Neck tubercle Costal angle intercostal space
