Chapter 4 - Introduction To The Skeletal System And Axial Skeleton

Question 0

What are the structural rolls

Answer 0

Support
protection
movement

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage

Question 2

What are you homeostatic rolls

Answer 2

Mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage

Question 3

What are the different types of bones

Answer 3

Short 
flat
irregular 
sesamoid 
long

Question 4

What are the long bone regions

Answer 4

Diaphysis: long cylindrical shaft of the bone
Epiphyses: end of the bone
Metaphyses: epiphyseal plates (developing bone) or epiphyseal bone (mature bone)
Marrow/ medullary cavity: hollow cylindrical space with the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow

Question 5

Surface tissue of a long bone

Answer 5

Endosteum
Articular cartilage
Periosteum

Question 6

Osseous tissue parts

Answer 6

50% mineral salts
25% collagen fibres
25% water

Question 7

What are the types of Osseous tissue

Answer 7

Compact bone, spongy bone

Question 8

What are the three principal steps of ossification

Answer 8

Initial phone formation
growth of bones and tell adult size
remodelling and repairer of bones

Question 9

What are the two processes that can produce bones

Answer 9

Intramembranous ossification- flat bones

Endochondral ossification: long, short and irregular

Question 10

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification

Answer 10

Occurs with then membranes

tissue sheets have large network of blood vessels

Some cells develop into osteoblasts and start forming spongy bone

Sandwich beginning to forum -connective tissue is the bread and spongy bone is the meat

Connective tissue produces lots of osteocytes that can enter the spongy bone and start to form the compact bone -now termed periosteum

Question 11

What is endochondral ossification

Answer 11

Early embryonic Skeleton comprised of hyaline cartilage

Cells and Cartilage die creating pockets (starts in future diasphysis)/ periosteum forums and around the cartilaginous model

Periosteum supplies the needed osteoblasts for development

Osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves penetrate the cartilage plate beginning to replace it with spongy bone

Build compact phone

Question 12

What is bone remodelling and how does it work

Answer 12

Osteoclasts destroy ECM -osteoblasts deposit new ECM

Question 13

What are the two main parts of the skeleton and how many bones are there in the adult skeleton

Answer 13

Axial skeleton: skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum

Appendicular skeleton: upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

206 bones

Question 14

What are the types of bone surface markings

Answer 14

Depressions /openings: provide space or passageways for soft tissue

Projections /processes: help form joints & provide attachment points for connective tissue

Question 15

What is the skull function and how many bones are there

Answer 15

Protect brain, sensory organs, provide muscle attachments, provides entry to respiratory and digestive systems

22 bones

Question 16

What are the bones of the skull

Answer 16

Frontal, parietal, temporal

Question 17

What are the cranial bones temporal bone landmarks

Answer 17

Zygomatic process 
mandibular fossa 
external auditorium meatus 
mastoid process 
Styloid process

Question 18

Are the landmarks of the occipital bone

Answer 18

Occipital condyles, foramen Magnum

Question 19

What are the major landmarks of the sphenoid bone

Answer 19

Keystone bone, unique saddle shape, part of orbits and nasal cavity,

Greater and Lesser Wing’s, optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, pterygoid process

Question 20

Major landmarks of Ethmoid bone

Answer 20

Olfactory foramina, cristi galli, superior and middle nasal concha

Question 21

What Are the facial bones

Answer 21

Two nasal bones, paired maxillae, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, vomer, mandible,

Question 22

Unique skull features

Answer 22

Nasal septum, orbits, paranasal sinuses, sutures, Fontanels

Question 23

What are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 23

Frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus’s, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus

Question 24

What are the skull sutures

Answer 24

Coronal, sagittal, lanbdoid, squamous

Question 25

What are the fontanels of an infant

Answer 25

Anterior, posterior, anteriorlateral, posteriorlateral

Question 26

What does the Hyoid bone do

Answer 26

Supports tongue, pharynx and larynx muscles

Question 27

Is the anatomy of the vertebral column

Answer 27

26 bones 
7 cervical 
12 Thoracic 
5 lumbar 
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

Question 28

Where and what are the intervertebral discs

Answer 28

Between adjacent vertebra made of Fibrocartilage and gelatinous material

Question 29

What is the anatomy of the vertebra

Answer 29

Body
vertebral foramen
vertebral arch: spinal process, transverse processes, superior articular process, inferior articular process
intervertebral foreign

Question 30

C1, no body, articulate with occipital bone, allows yes movement

Answer 30

Atlas

Question 31

C2, tall body, dans projects into the veritable foramen, allows for no movements

Answer 31

Axis

Question 32

What has five fused vertebra

Answer 32

Sacrum

Question 33

What has four fused vertebra

Answer 33

Coccyx

Question 34

What makes the Thoracic cage

Answer 34

reads, sternum, body of vertebra

Question 35

Ribs (costal bones)

Answer 35

7 true ribs
5 false ribs
2 floating ribs

Question 36

Anatomy of rib

Answer 36

Head 
superior and inferior facets 
Neck
tubercle 
Costal angle
intercostal space