Chapter 2&3 - Macromolecules, Cells And Tissue & tissues and the integumentary system Flashcards
What are the four classes of organic molecules in the human body
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
What are humans made of
A collection of organic molecules
What are monomers, dimers and polymers
Mono= one part = glucose
Etc
What are the three main groups of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
What is A monosaccharide and disaccharide
Monosaccharides: singular sugar molecule ( glucose/ fructose)
disaccharides: formed when two single sugar molecules combine (lactose)
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and can make…
Starch, cellulose, glycogen
What is a lipid
A diverse class of non-polar molecules. lipid molecules are nonpolar and hydrophobic
What are the4 major classes of lipids
Fatty acid, triglycerides, phospholipids (fats and oils), steroids
What are steroids
Cholesterol, steroid, bile acids
What are amino acids
Proteins are polymers of various combinations of only 20 different monomers
Each monomer, called an amino acid has three structural features in common, what are they
And amino acid group, carboxylic acid group, a side chain ( R group)
What are the types of proteins
Collagen and haemoglobin
What are enzymes
Enzyme are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
Name the three key properties of enzymes and what they do
Specific: only one chemical reaction affected
efficient: reaction product produced quickly
Regulated: number of enzyme molecule adjusted as needed or activity of each individual enzyme molecule can be controlled
What do nucleic acids store
Genetic information and the process of the synthesis of proteins
What is DNA
The genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all organic organisms
What is RNA
Second type of nucleic acid involved in gene expression and proteins synthesis
What are the types of RNA and what do they do
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carried info from DNA to ribosomes ( site of protein synthesis)
Transfer RNA ( tRNA) transfer chain that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptides chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) binds mRNA and carries put protein synthesis
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Many enzymes use ATP to break down and release energy as needed by the cell. ATP synthesis requires energy from other sources
What is the cytoskeletal
A network of protein filaments that stretches throughout the cytosol
What do ribosomes do
Make proteins
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis of proteins, lipids, CHO, steroids, storage of calcium
Is the Goldie complex
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins
What are lysosomes
They contain digestive enzymes used to break down, ingested material worn out cells, destroy cells
What are Peroxisomes
Contain oxidative enzymes important in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
What are Proteasomes
Breakdown worn out or Unneeded needed proteins
What are mitochondria
Contains enzymes that help cells produce large amounts of ATP in a process called cellular respiration
mitochondria containing inner and outer
What is the nucleus and what does it do
Most cells have a nucleus which is a double walled nuclear envelope separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
The nucleolus is a site within the nucleus that produces new ribosomes.
Chromosomes, chromatin DNA
Our genomes consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Each chromosome contains DNAs combined with histone proteins to form Cromatin.
Histone is allows the DNA to be tightly packed.
After DNA replication sister chromatids are connected at the centromere
What is transcription
When DNA sequence is copied into RNA sequence
What is translation
Messenger RNA sequence is used to make new proteins
If cell functions were a factory it would be organised as follows
Boss - NUCLEUS
workers on assembly line - RIBOSOMES
Assembly line - ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
inspectors to sift through bad products - LYSOSOMES
mailroom for packaging - Golgi complex
Generator for power supply -mitochondria
building structure - cytoskeleton
gate which controls shipments in an out of factory - plasma membrane
managers for new branches of the factory -centrioles
What is cell cycle
Sequence of events by which cell duplicates its contents and divides into two identical cells
What is interphase
Replicates DNA and cell components
What is mitosis
Nuclear division and cytokinesis
What are the phases of mitosis
Prophase: chromatin fibres condense, nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase: cromatid pairs line up in middle of cell
Anaphase: chromosomes move to opposite end of cell
Telophase: nuclear envelope’s reappear
The connection between interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis
Interphase: cells grow and also duplicate their DNA
Mitosis: cells divide their chromosomes and their nuclei
Cytokinesis: after mitosis cells finish dividing
