Chapter 2&3 - Macromolecules, Cells And Tissue & tissues and the integumentary system

Question 0

What are the four classes of organic molecules in the human body

Answer 0

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

Question 1

What are humans made of

Answer 1

A collection of organic molecules

Question 2

What are monomers, dimers and polymers

Answer 2

Mono= one part = glucose

Etc

Question 3

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates

Answer 3

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 4

What is A monosaccharide and disaccharide

Answer 4

Monosaccharides: singular sugar molecule ( glucose/ fructose)
disaccharides: formed when two single sugar molecules combine (lactose)

Question 5

Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and can make…

Answer 5

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 6

What is a lipid

Answer 6

A diverse class of non-polar molecules.
lipid molecules are nonpolar and hydrophobic

Question 7

What are the4 major classes of lipids

Answer 7

Fatty acid, triglycerides, phospholipids (fats and oils), steroids

Question 8

What are steroids

Answer 8

Cholesterol, steroid, bile acids

Question 9

What are amino acids

Answer 9

Proteins are polymers of various combinations of only 20 different monomers

Question 10

Each monomer, called an amino acid has three structural features in common, what are they

Answer 10

And amino acid group, carboxylic acid group, a side chain ( R group)

Question 11

What are the types of proteins

Answer 11

Collagen and haemoglobin

Question 12

What are enzymes

Answer 12

Enzyme are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Question 13

Name the three key properties of enzymes and what they do

Answer 13

Specific: only one chemical reaction affected
efficient: reaction product produced quickly
Regulated: number of enzyme molecule adjusted as needed or activity of each individual enzyme molecule can be controlled

Question 14

What do nucleic acids store

Answer 14

Genetic information and the process of the synthesis of proteins

Question 15

What is DNA

Answer 15

The genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all organic organisms

Question 16

What is RNA

Answer 16

Second type of nucleic acid involved in gene expression and proteins synthesis

Question 17

What are the types of RNA and what do they do

Answer 17

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carried info from DNA to ribosomes ( site of protein synthesis)

Transfer RNA ( tRNA) transfer chain that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptides chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) binds mRNA and carries put protein synthesis

Question 18

What is ATP

Answer 18

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Many enzymes use ATP to break down and release energy as needed by the cell.
ATP synthesis requires energy from other sources

Question 19

What is the cytoskeletal

Answer 19

A network of protein filaments that stretches throughout the cytosol

Question 20

What do ribosomes do

Answer 20

Make proteins

Question 21

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Synthesis of proteins, lipids, CHO, steroids, storage of calcium

Question 22

Is the Goldie complex

Answer 22

Modifies, sorts and packages proteins

Question 23

What are lysosomes

Answer 23

They contain digestive enzymes used to break down, ingested material worn out cells, destroy cells

Question 24

What are Peroxisomes

Answer 24

Contain oxidative enzymes important in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism

Question 25

What are Proteasomes

Answer 25

Breakdown worn out or Unneeded needed proteins

Question 26

What are mitochondria

Answer 26

Contains enzymes that help cells produce large amounts of ATP in a process called cellular respiration
mitochondria containing inner and outer

Question 27

What is the nucleus and what does it do

Answer 27

Most cells have a nucleus which is a double walled nuclear envelope separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
The nucleolus is a site within the nucleus that produces new ribosomes.

Question 28

Chromosomes, chromatin DNA

Answer 28

Our genomes consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Each chromosome contains DNAs combined with histone proteins to form Cromatin.
Histone is allows the DNA to be tightly packed.
After DNA replication sister chromatids are connected at the centromere

Question 29

What is transcription

Answer 29

When DNA sequence is copied into RNA sequence

Question 30

What is translation

Answer 30

Messenger RNA sequence is used to make new proteins

Question 31

If cell functions were a factory it would be organised as follows

Answer 31

Boss - NUCLEUS
workers on assembly line - RIBOSOMES
Assembly line - ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
inspectors to sift through bad products - LYSOSOMES
mailroom for packaging - Golgi complex
Generator for power supply -mitochondria
building structure - cytoskeleton
gate which controls shipments in an out of factory - plasma membrane
managers for new branches of the factory -centrioles

Question 32

What is cell cycle

Answer 32

Sequence of events by which cell duplicates its contents and divides into two identical cells

Question 33

What is interphase

Answer 33

Replicates DNA and cell components

Question 34

What is mitosis

Answer 34

Nuclear division and cytokinesis

Question 35

What are the phases of mitosis

Answer 35

Prophase: chromatin fibres condense, nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase: cromatid pairs line up in middle of cell
Anaphase: chromosomes move to opposite end of cell
Telophase: nuclear envelope’s reappear

Question 36

The connection between interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 36

Interphase: cells grow and also duplicate their DNA
Mitosis: cells divide their chromosomes and their nuclei
Cytokinesis: after mitosis cells finish dividing