Chapter 4 Integumentary system Flashcards
What are 4 types of tissues in the Integumentary system
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
3 Characteristics of Epithelial Cells
- Covers exposed areas
- Lines internal passageways
- Produces glandular secretions
3 Characteristics of Connective Tissue
- Fills internal Spaces
- Provides structural support
- Stores energy
What are 2 types of epithelial tissues
Simple: one cell layer thick
Stratified: 2 or more cell layer thick
Pseudostratified: Usually CILIATED – mostly in the respiratory tract
What comprises the cutaneous membrane
Epidermis (on top of)
Dermis
The dermis is comprised of how many layers and what are they?
2 Layers
- papillary
- reticular
What are the accessory structures of the skin
- hair follicle
- exocrine glands
- nails
This area of the skin stores a lot of adipocytes
Subcutaneous or hypodermis
The epidermis is constituted of how many cell layers
4-5
Soles of the feet and palms of the hand = 5 layers
Everything else = 4 layers
The epidermis is made up of what type of epithelium
Stratified squamous
What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis
- Keratinocytes - most abundant
- Melanocytes - role in producing malanin
- Merkel cells - detection of sensation
- Langerhans cells - similar to macrophages (also called dendritic cells
Which cell in the epidermis is similar in function to the macrophages
Langerhan cells
What are the layers of the epidermis
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
The Stratum Germanativum is the most inner layer of the epidermis. T/F
T
The Stratum Germativum is also known as the Stratum basale
Which layer of the skin is closest to the basal lamina
Stratum basale
What cells are found in the Stratum basale
- Stem cells
- Melanocytes
- Merkel Cells (only in areas where we don’t have hair)
Name a cell of the epidermis gives us sensation eg touch
merkel cells - not the only one present
How many cell layers are in the Stratum basale
1
The stratum spinosum is made up of how many cell layers
several (4-6 cell layers)
What cells are located in the Stratum Spinosum
- KERATINOCYTES: Daughter cells that started out in the stratum basale and then moved up they differentiated into this
- Melanocytes
- Langerhan cells
Which cell in the epidermis lingers around looking for pathogens
Langerhan cells
Which layer of the epidermis contains bundles of protein filaments called Tonofibrils
Stratum Spinosum
How thick is the stratum granulosum
1 cell thick
Stratum Granulosum mainly contains what type of cells?
What are the substances found in this/these cells
Keratinocytes
Substances are:
- Keratohyalin (granules that support the keratin filaments)
- Keratin
What is the last cell layer where the cells are still alive?
Why?
Stratum granulosum
- Because it secretes a lipid rich substance that prevents nutrients from getting to the layers of cell above it
Which cells are not alive in the epidermis of the skin
Stratum lucidum & stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis of the skin is only found on thick skin, for example the palms
Stratum lucidum
- Because of the production of the rich lipid substance in the stratum granulosum, these cells will be dead.
- no nucleus or organelles
- Cells flat & densely packed with keratin filaments
How many cells thick is the stratum lucidum
1-2
How many cells thick is the stratum corneum
Up to 30 cells thick
Why do people get callous in their hand? What layer is increasing
Stratum granulosum:
In areas where there are high amounts of friction you will increase the amount of keratohyalin and keratin, which results in the thickening of the skin and formation of a callous.
What are our fingerprint?
Epidermal ridge present in the epidermis due to dermal papilla in the dermis
How are fingerprints formed?
The dermis has dermal papilla (ridges). The stratum basale, which is above contours with the dermal papilla forming an epidermal ridge, which gives us our fingerprints
What may cause skin color to vary?
- Blood supply
- thickness of stratum corneum
- Depends on 2 different pigments: carotene & melanin
What is Sienosis?
Lacking blood color e.g. palms of hand and soles of feet
Carotene is produced by which cells?
Keratinocytes
Melanin is produced and stored by which cells?
Melanocytes
Where are the melanocytes located?
In the stratum basale
Why do keratinocytes have melanin?
The melanocytes have long projections that go up into the stratum granulosum and release its contents (malanin pigments) into the keratinocytes.
What makes us lighter or darker is the amount of melanocytes that each of us have. T/F
False
It is the amount melanin produced by the melanocytes. Everybody has about the same amount of malanocytes but produce different numbers of the melanin pigment.
Functions of the Integumentary system
- Protection from environmental hazards
- Synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
- Coordination of immune response to pathogens and cancers in the skin
- Sensory information
- Synthesis of vitamin D3
- Excreation
- Thermoregulation
Which layer is arranged with a lot of collagen fibers?
The Reticular layer located beneath the papillary layer (Both in the dermis)
What are the accessory structures of the skin
- Sebaceous gland
- Hair follicle
- Sweat gland
- Fingernails
The part of the hair that sticks out of the skin is called the hair follicle. T/F
False
It’s called the hair shaft
what contains the blood vessels and nerves in the hair?
Hair papilla
What are the 3 hair structures
- Inner medulla (think middle): Soft and flexible
- Outer cortex: Hard keratin/stiff
- Cuticle: Dead keratinized cells that coat the hair
What is the soft/flexible part of the hair structure called
Inner medulla
What is the part of the hair structure that is hard/stiff
Outer cortex
Where is the dead keratinized cells that coat the hair found
cuticle
What is the whitish part of the nail called? (Pail crescent area)
Lunula
The area where dirt gets stuck under our nail is called what?
Hyponychium
Connective Tissue is classified into 3 categories, which are?
1 Connective Tissue Proper
2 Fluid Connective Tissue
3 Supporting Connective Tissue
Which cells are used to tell the type of cell. The ones further away or closer to the connective tissue?
The cells further away from the connective tissue are used to tell the type of cesll
Squamous cells are….
Squished/Flat
e.g. Blood vessels and skin for protection
Cuboidal cells are …
Cube shaped
e.g. glands/ducts/kidney tubules
Columnar cells are and contains …
Rectangular/ contains cilia
e.g. lungs and digestive tract that also contains rugae
Transitional cells are…
Round & big
They expand and adapt to liquids e.g. The bladder
Connective Tissue Proper is made up of what types of cells
Fixed Cells
Wandering Cells
List 6 Fixed Cells
Fibroblasts Fibrocytes Fixed MACROPHAGES Adipocytes Mesenchymal cells Melanocytes
List 5 Wandering Cells
Free MACROPHAGES Mast cells Lymphocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils
Which connective tissue proper cell is both a fixed and wandering cell?
macrophages
Mast cells help to do what?
Stimulate inflammation
