Chapter 18 General Senses/Special senses Flashcards
General senses arrive where in the brain
Posterior to the primary central sulcus
The simplest receptors are? What do the ph respond to
Free nerve endings.
They respond to a variety of stimuli
In which receptive field is it more difficult to localize the stimuli and which is easier to localize the stimuli
Large receptive field = more difficult to localize the stimuli = further apart
Smaller receptive field = more easier to localize the stimuli = closer together
List the classification of Receptors
1 Tonic
2 Phasic
3 Combine both
Which receptor is always on? Is it slow or fast adapting?
Tonic: always on e.g. Photoreceptors of your eye
It is slow adapting
Which receptor is fast adapting? Is it usually on or off
Phasic: usually inactive and fast adapting.
Active only for a short period (a phase) e.g. Touch
What is the difference between sensation and perception
Sensation is when the information is taken to the CNS
Perception is when you FEEL/ARE AWARE of the sensation
What are the 3 simple receptors?
1 exteroreceptors: provide info from the external environment
2 proprioreceptor: provide info about position
3 interoreceptor: provide info about the inside of the body
List the receptors that are classified according to the NATURE OF THE STIMULUS
1 nociceptors
2 thermoreceptors
3 mechanoreceptors
4 chemoreceptors
What are the 3 types of nociceptors ? What type of nerve ending receptors?
Extreme temperature
Mechanical
Chemical
It has free nerve ending receptors - so it has a large receptive field
What are the 2 different pathways of nociceptors
1 fast pain
2 slow pain
What happens in fast pain & slow pain
- fast pain: the sensation goes directly to the CNS and its felt very fast. The painful sensation goes away only after the tissue damage has ended/ when recovered
What takes place in slow pain
- It reaches the CNS slowly eg burns.
- the sensation begins later and persists longer than fast pain
The same nerve that innervates your left arm will also innervate what
Heart
The nerve that innervates the upper right shoulder will also innervate?
The liver and gall bladder
What type of receptors are thermoreceptors (ie Phasic, tonic or both) and where are they found
Phasic receptor. Found in specific areas
Thermoreceptors comprise cold and warm receptors and can also take pain sensations. T/F
T
Free nerve endings receiving the difference in temperature also takes pain sensation
Thermoreceptors have more warm receptors than cold. T/F
F
Thermoreceptors have more cold receptors than warm
Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to what?
Sensitive to any type of distortion on the skin as well as joints, organs or muscle. Eg when you stretch the skin, you distort the receptors.
List the classification of mechanoreceptors
1 tactile receptors
2 baroreceptors
3 proprioreceptors
4 chemoreceptors
The Ruffini corpuscle is what type of receptor?
Tactile receptor located in muscle fibers
Which receptor works to control vital functions?
Baroreceptors
Which receptor works to monitor blood vessels, as well as digestive and the reproductive systems
Baroreceptors
Which receptor monitors change in the stretch of organs
Baroreceptors
Which receptor is found in the respiratory centers of the medulla ablongata, carotid arteries and aortic arch.
Chemoreceptors
Which receptor monitors the partial pressure of CO2 and pH
Chemoreceptors
Name 2 special senses receptors
1 olfactory receptors
2 taste receptors
Where are the olfactory receptors located
Olfactory epithelium
Where is the olfactory cilia found
On the olfactory receptor cell
When you smell something what is the route that it travels into the brain
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS (detect the smell. They come together to form) ➡️ OLFACTORY NERVE FIBERS ️️ ➡️ which forms the OLFACTORY BULB ➡️ CNS ➡️ CEREBRAL CORTEX ➡️ HYPOTHALAMUS ➡️ LIMBIC SYSTEM
The olfactory receptor does not pass through the thalamus. T/F
T
What gland secrete mucous in the nose? What olfactory receptor cells?
Olfactory gland
Basal cells replace olfactory receptor cells
What are he 3 characteristics for you to actually smell something?
Has to have one of these or all
1 volatile
2 fat soluble
3 water soluble
What are taste receptors called
Papillae
Name three forms of papillae
1 circumvallate
2 fungiform papillae
3 filiform papillae
Which papillae is the biggest
Circumvallate
Umami detects what
Detects chicken broth and beef
What increases surface area on the gustatory cells
Microvilli
Everyone is sensitive to which taste
Bitter
What is the gustatory pathway to the brain
Tongue ⬇️ Goes through - Glossopharyngeal nerve N9 - Vagus nerve N10 - Facial nerve N7 ⬇️ Nucleus solitarius (don't need to know) ⬇️ Thalamus ⬇️ Gustatory cortex
The gustatory pathway does not pass through the thalamus T/F
F
The gustatory pathway does path through the thalamus
What is considered the external ear
- auricle
- external acoustic Mateus
- tympanic membrane
What is considered the middle ear
The auditory ossicles:
1 malleus
2 incus
3 stapes
What is considered the inner ear
Oval window
Cochlea
Round window
Vestibulocochlear nerve
What nerve detects sound
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Pathway of how sound travels in the ear
External acoustic meatus ➡️ tympanic membrane (vibrates) ➡️ auditory ossicles moves - the stapes hit the oval window ➡️ sound then circulates through the cochlea (basala membrane is stimulated inside cochlea) ➡️ Vestibulocochlear nerve stimulated
Where is the ampullae located and what does it contain
Located at the beginning of the semicircular ducts (an enlargement of the duct). They contain cristae, which contains hair cells.
There are 2 types of hair cells in the ear called
Kinocilium
Stereocilia
What is responsible for equilibrium
Vestibule
What is responsible for hearing
Cochlea
In the inner ear, the densely packed calcium carbonate crystals are called
Statoconia
What is the otolith comprised of
Statoconia (calcium carbonate crystals) and the gelatinous matrix
Where is the otolith located
Macula
What is cataracts
Clouding of your lens
What is glaucoma
When the Optic nerve damages because of increase in pressure as a result of blockage
Hair cells (maculae) contain a gelatinous material on top of them. On top of the gelatinous material are structures called what?
Statoconia
The otolith helps do what?
Helps to move the gelatinous material & stimulates the hair cells
What are the 2 membranes within the organ of Corti?
Basilar membrane
Tectorial membrane
If the basilar membrane is moving from left to right, the tectorial membrane will be moving in what direction. What will happen to the stereocilia and kinocilium?
Tectorial membrane will move from right to left (in the opposite direction)
The stereocilia will be stimulating the kinocilium and there will be activation of these receptors
What is the auditory sensation pathway of a sound entering the ear
Vestibulochoclear nerve N8 —— (different steps we don’t need to know ——– Thalamus ——-Specific areas in the brain
What part of the eye is continuous of the sclera
The cornea
What contracts and controls the amount of light that goes into the eye
Iris
What are the 2 major compartments of the eye
1 Anterior cavity
2 Posterior cavity
The liquid in the anterior cavity is called?
Aqueous humor
The liquid in the posterior cavity is called?
Vitreous body (more thick and viscous)
The anterior has 2 compartments which are? What are they divided by
1 Posterior chamber
2 Anterior chamber
Divided by ciliary body & iris
What holds the lens to focus objects or stretches the lens?
Suspensory ligament
What is the passage of light through the eye
Cornea —– Anterior chamber —– Pupil —– lens —–Retina—– Optic nerve —– Occipital lobe (visual cortex located here)
What is the optic disc
It’s where all the optic nerves merge together at this point. Also known as the blind spot.
0% cones & rods
What is the area where you concentrate your cones and there is the highest concentration of cones
Fovea (Helps you see in color)
What do rods detect? What do cones detect?
Rods = Detect black and white Cones = Detect color
Aqueous humor is produced by cells of what
cells of the ciliary body.
Track to movement of the aqueous humor
Aqueous humor (produced by cells in the ciliary body —————- Anterior chamber ——————Posterior chamber (Through Canal of Shclemm) ————–
