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Ch 4, 16, 18, 21(part 1 & 2), 27 > Chapter 18 General Senses/Special senses > Flashcards

Chapter 18 General Senses/Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

General senses arrive where in the brain

A

Posterior to the primary central sulcus

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2
Q

The simplest receptors are? What do the ph respond to

A

Free nerve endings.

They respond to a variety of stimuli

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3
Q

In which receptive field is it more difficult to localize the stimuli and which is easier to localize the stimuli

A

Large receptive field = more difficult to localize the stimuli = further apart

Smaller receptive field = more easier to localize the stimuli = closer together

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4
Q

List the classification of Receptors

A

1 Tonic
2 Phasic
3 Combine both

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5
Q

Which receptor is always on? Is it slow or fast adapting?

A

Tonic: always on e.g. Photoreceptors of your eye

It is slow adapting

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6
Q

Which receptor is fast adapting? Is it usually on or off

A

Phasic: usually inactive and fast adapting.

Active only for a short period (a phase) e.g. Touch

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7
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception

A

Sensation is when the information is taken to the CNS

Perception is when you FEEL/ARE AWARE of the sensation

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8
Q

What are the 3 simple receptors?

A

1 exteroreceptors: provide info from the external environment
2 proprioreceptor: provide info about position
3 interoreceptor: provide info about the inside of the body

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9
Q

List the receptors that are classified according to the NATURE OF THE STIMULUS

A

1 nociceptors
2 thermoreceptors
3 mechanoreceptors
4 chemoreceptors

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of nociceptors ? What type of nerve ending receptors?

A

Extreme temperature
Mechanical
Chemical
It has free nerve ending receptors - so it has a large receptive field

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11
Q

What are the 2 different pathways of nociceptors

A

1 fast pain

2 slow pain

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12
Q

What happens in fast pain & slow pain

A
  • fast pain: the sensation goes directly to the CNS and its felt very fast. The painful sensation goes away only after the tissue damage has ended/ when recovered
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13
Q

What takes place in slow pain

A
  • It reaches the CNS slowly eg burns.

- the sensation begins later and persists longer than fast pain

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14
Q

The same nerve that innervates your left arm will also innervate what

A

Heart

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15
Q

The nerve that innervates the upper right shoulder will also innervate?

A

The liver and gall bladder

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16
Q

What type of receptors are thermoreceptors (ie Phasic, tonic or both) and where are they found

A

Phasic receptor. Found in specific areas

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17
Q

Thermoreceptors comprise cold and warm receptors and can also take pain sensations. T/F

A

T

Free nerve endings receiving the difference in temperature also takes pain sensation

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18
Q

Thermoreceptors have more warm receptors than cold. T/F

A

F

Thermoreceptors have more cold receptors than warm

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to what?

A

Sensitive to any type of distortion on the skin as well as joints, organs or muscle. Eg when you stretch the skin, you distort the receptors.

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20
Q

List the classification of mechanoreceptors

A

1 tactile receptors
2 baroreceptors
3 proprioreceptors
4 chemoreceptors

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21
Q

The Ruffini corpuscle is what type of receptor?

A

Tactile receptor located in muscle fibers

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22
Q

Which receptor works to control vital functions?

A

Baroreceptors

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23
Q

Which receptor works to monitor blood vessels, as well as digestive and the reproductive systems

A

Baroreceptors

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24
Q

Which receptor monitors change in the stretch of organs

A

Baroreceptors

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25
Q

Which receptor is found in the respiratory centers of the medulla ablongata, carotid arteries and aortic arch.

A

Chemoreceptors

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26
Q

Which receptor monitors the partial pressure of CO2 and pH

A

Chemoreceptors

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27
Q

Name 2 special senses receptors

A

1 olfactory receptors

2 taste receptors

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28
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors located

A

Olfactory epithelium

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29
Q

Where is the olfactory cilia found

A

On the olfactory receptor cell

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30
Q

When you smell something what is the route that it travels into the brain

A

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS (detect the smell. They come together to form) ➡️ OLFACTORY NERVE FIBERS ️️ ➡️ which forms the OLFACTORY BULB ➡️ CNS ➡️ CEREBRAL CORTEX ➡️ HYPOTHALAMUS ➡️ LIMBIC SYSTEM

31
Q

The olfactory receptor does not pass through the thalamus. T/F

A

T

32
Q

What gland secrete mucous in the nose? What olfactory receptor cells?

A

Olfactory gland

Basal cells replace olfactory receptor cells

33
Q

What are he 3 characteristics for you to actually smell something?

A

Has to have one of these or all
1 volatile
2 fat soluble
3 water soluble

34
Q

What are taste receptors called

A

Papillae

35
Q

Name three forms of papillae

A

1 circumvallate
2 fungiform papillae
3 filiform papillae

36
Q

Which papillae is the biggest

A

Circumvallate

37
Q

Umami detects what

A

Detects chicken broth and beef

38
Q

What increases surface area on the gustatory cells

A

Microvilli

39
Q

Everyone is sensitive to which taste

A

Bitter

40
Q

What is the gustatory pathway to the brain

A 
Tongue
⬇️
Goes through
- Glossopharyngeal nerve N9
- Vagus nerve N10
- Facial nerve N7
⬇️
Nucleus solitarius (don't need to know)
⬇️
Thalamus
⬇️
Gustatory cortex
41
Q

The gustatory pathway does not pass through the thalamus T/F

A

F

The gustatory pathway does path through the thalamus

42
Q

What is considered the external ear

A
  • auricle
  • external acoustic Mateus
  • tympanic membrane
43
Q

What is considered the middle ear

A

The auditory ossicles:
1 malleus
2 incus
3 stapes

44
Q

What is considered the inner ear

A

Oval window
Cochlea
Round window
Vestibulocochlear nerve

45
Q

What nerve detects sound

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

46
Q

Pathway of how sound travels in the ear

A

External acoustic meatus ➡️ tympanic membrane (vibrates) ➡️ auditory ossicles moves - the stapes hit the oval window ➡️ sound then circulates through the cochlea (basala membrane is stimulated inside cochlea) ➡️ Vestibulocochlear nerve stimulated

47
Q

Where is the ampullae located and what does it contain

A

Located at the beginning of the semicircular ducts (an enlargement of the duct). They contain cristae, which contains hair cells.

48
Q

There are 2 types of hair cells in the ear called

A

Kinocilium

Stereocilia

49
Q

What is responsible for equilibrium

A

Vestibule

50
Q

What is responsible for hearing

A

Cochlea

51
Q

In the inner ear, the densely packed calcium carbonate crystals are called

A

Statoconia

52
Q

What is the otolith comprised of

A

Statoconia (calcium carbonate crystals) and the gelatinous matrix

53
Q

Where is the otolith located

A

Macula

54
Q

What is cataracts

A

Clouding of your lens

55
Q

What is glaucoma

A

When the Optic nerve damages because of increase in pressure as a result of blockage

56
Q

Hair cells (maculae) contain a gelatinous material on top of them. On top of the gelatinous material are structures called what?

A

Statoconia

57
Q

The otolith helps do what?

A

Helps to move the gelatinous material & stimulates the hair cells

58
Q

What are the 2 membranes within the organ of Corti?

A

Basilar membrane

Tectorial membrane

59
Q

If the basilar membrane is moving from left to right, the tectorial membrane will be moving in what direction. What will happen to the stereocilia and kinocilium?

A

Tectorial membrane will move from right to left (in the opposite direction)
The stereocilia will be stimulating the kinocilium and there will be activation of these receptors

60
Q

What is the auditory sensation pathway of a sound entering the ear

A

Vestibulochoclear nerve N8 —— (different steps we don’t need to know ——– Thalamus ——-Specific areas in the brain

61
Q

What part of the eye is continuous of the sclera

A

The cornea

62
Q

What contracts and controls the amount of light that goes into the eye

A

Iris

63
Q

What are the 2 major compartments of the eye

A

1 Anterior cavity

2 Posterior cavity

64
Q

The liquid in the anterior cavity is called?

A

Aqueous humor

65
Q

The liquid in the posterior cavity is called?

A

Vitreous body (more thick and viscous)

66
Q

The anterior has 2 compartments which are? What are they divided by

A

1 Posterior chamber
2 Anterior chamber
Divided by ciliary body & iris

67
Q

What holds the lens to focus objects or stretches the lens?

A

Suspensory ligament

68
Q

What is the passage of light through the eye

A

Cornea —– Anterior chamber —– Pupil —– lens —–Retina—– Optic nerve —– Occipital lobe (visual cortex located here)

69
Q

What is the optic disc

A

It’s where all the optic nerves merge together at this point. Also known as the blind spot.
0% cones & rods

70
Q

What is the area where you concentrate your cones and there is the highest concentration of cones

A

Fovea (Helps you see in color)

71
Q

What do rods detect? What do cones detect?

A 
Rods = Detect black and white
Cones = Detect color
72
Q

Aqueous humor is produced by cells of what

A

cells of the ciliary body.

73
Q

Track to movement of the aqueous humor

A

Aqueous humor (produced by cells in the ciliary body —————- Anterior chamber ——————Posterior chamber (Through Canal of Shclemm) ————–

Ch 4, 16, 18, 21(part 1 & 2), 27 (6 decks)

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