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Ch 4, 16, 18, 21(part 1 & 2), 27 > Chapter 21 The Heart part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 The Heart part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is divided into 3 main parts, which are?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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2
Q

Where do arteries take blood and where do veins take blood?

A

Arteries: Carry blood Away from the heart

Veins: Carry blood Back Toward the heart

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3
Q

Blood is not considered a connective tissue because it is a fluid. T/F

A

False
Blood is a fluid connective tissue because is contains specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers & ground substances

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4
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular system

A

1 Transport of O2, nutrients, & hormones to peripheral tissues
2 Transport CO2 & metabolic wastes away from peripheral tissues
3 Defense against toxins and pathogens
4 Stabilization of body temperature and pH

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5
Q

What is the Composition of Blood?

A
  • Plasma

- Formed Elements

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6
Q

What is the composition of Plasma?

A
  • Water 92%
  • Plasma proteins
  • Other solutes
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7
Q

What are the three types of Formed Elements?

A
  • Platelets
  • White blood cells
  • Red blood cells 99.9%
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8
Q

The majority of blood consists of what?

A

Plasma

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9
Q

What component of blood allows regulation of body temperature?

A

Plasma

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10
Q

What part of blood is responsible for blood clotting?

A

Platelets (which is a formed element)

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11
Q

Why are red blood cells shaped like biconcave discs?

A
  • This allows them to bend & pas through capillaries
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12
Q

A hemoglobin molecule has 4 polypeptide chains and each polypeptide group has what?

A

A Heme Protein

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13
Q

What is the Pericardium?

A

Connective Tissue that surrounds the heart

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Pericardium

A 
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
Parietal Pericardium
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15
Q

Where is the Visceral pericardium located?

A

It is the inner layer lining the outside of the heart

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16
Q

What separates the parietal pericardium and the epicardium?

A

Parietal cavity

*Remember epicardium is Visceral pericardium

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17
Q

Where is the parietal pericardium located

A

The outside layer that is separated by the pericardial cavity

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18
Q

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity to the left of the lungs. T/F

A

False

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity BETWEEN the lungs

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19
Q

The heart is superior to the diaphram. T/F

A

True

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20
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

Posterior to the sternum around the 3rd costal cartilage

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21
Q

The heart sits at the center of the chest T/F

A

False

it is not at the center of the chest because it sits at an oblique angle instead of being perfectly upright.

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22
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Parietal Pericardium?

A

Fibrous layer

Serous layer

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23
Q

Which layer acts as a lubricant to the heart to reduce friction and secretes pericardial fluid?

A

Serous layer

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24
Q

Which layer of the parietal pericardium stabilizes the heart?

A

Fibrous layer

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25
Q

Valves are connective tissue that are continuous with what?

A

ENDOCARDIUM

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26
Q

What are the 2 Atrioventricular valves?

A

Right atrioventricular/Tricuspid valve

Left atrioventricular/Bicuspid valve

27
Q

What are the semi lunar valves?

A

Aortic (semilular) valve

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

28
Q

The pulmonary valve regulates blood flowing from where to where?

A

Regulates blood flowing from the right ventricle into the Pulmonary Trunk

29
Q

The aortic valve regulates blood flowing from where to where?

A

Regulates blood flowing from the left ventricle being pumped into the aorta

30
Q

The pulmonary valve regulates blood flowing from the left ventricle into the Pulmonary Trunk T/F?

A

False

It regulates blood flowing from the RIGHT ventricle into the Pulmonary Trunk

31
Q

The aortic valve regulates blood flowing from the right ventricle being pumped into the aorta T/F?

A

False

It regulates blood flowing from the LEFT ventricle being pumped into the aorta

32
Q

Blood returning from the heart tissue enters the left atrium T/F?

A

False

Blood returning from the heart Tissue itself enters the Right atrium.

33
Q

Blood returning from the heart tissue itself enters the heart via what?

A

The opening of the Coronary Sinus

34
Q

The walls of the right Atrium has a striated appearance which are? Where are they located?

A

Pectinate muscles

Located on the lateral side of the wall of the right atrium.

35
Q

What structure divides the 2 Atria

A

Inter Atrial Septum

36
Q

What helps to connect cardiac muscle cells?

A
  • Intercalated discs

- Gap junctions

37
Q

Gap junctions help to connect cardiac muscles and do not create a direct electrical connection between cardiac muscle cells T/F

A

False
Gap junctions do help to connect cardiac muscles and also create a direct electrical connection between cardiac muscle cells

38
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

A
  • Smaller muscle cells
  • Branched
  • One centrally placed nucleus
  • Striated involuntary muscle
  • Cells interconnected by intercalated discs
39
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells

A
  • Large muscle cells
  • Cylindrical
  • Multinucleated
  • Striated voluntary muscle
40
Q

T/F Cardiac muscle cells are smooth involuntary muscle cells.

A

False

Cardiac muscle cells are STRIATED involuntary muscle cells.

41
Q

T/F Cardiac muscle cells are branched instead of cylindrical.

A

True

Muscle cells are cylindrical

42
Q

T/F Cardiac muscle cells are multinucleated because they have to beat together.

A

False
Cardiac muscle cells have one centrally placed nucleus. this has nothing to do with them beating together.
Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated

43
Q

The Inter Atrial Septum has a Depression. What is this?

A

Fossa Ovalis.
From the 5th week of embryonic development to about birth, this was a hole in the right and left atrium. It was called something else. It closes 48 hrs after birth.

44
Q

From the 5th week of embryonic development to about birth, the hole in the right and left atrium was called?

A

Foramen ovalis

45
Q

In the pericardium and pericardial structure, the inner balloon layer corresponds to what?

A

Visceral Pericardium

46
Q

In the pericardium and pericardial structure, the outer balloon corresponds to what?

A

Parietal Pericardium

47
Q

What artery supplies blood to the head and neck?

A

Common Carotid Artery

48
Q

What artery supplies blood to the shoulder and upper limb?

A

Subclavian artery

- Because it passes below the clavicle

49
Q

Other than water, the most common component of plasma is?

50
Q

The apex of the heart
A) is part of the left ventricle wall.
B) points inferiorly and laterally.
C) is at the approximate level of the 5th intercostal space.
D) All of the above are correct concerning the apex of the heart.

51
Q

A needle being inserted into the heart would travel through the layers of the heart wall and coverings in which order, beginning on the outside?

A) fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
B) parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
C) endocardium, myocardium, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium
D) visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, endocardium, myocardium

52
Q

Which layer of the heart is correctly matched with the tissue of which it is composed?

A) endocardium - cardiac muscle tissue
B) fibrous pericardium - stratified squamous epithelium
C) myocardium - dense irregular connective tissue
D) visceral pericardium - a thin layer of epithelium and loose connective tissue

53
Q

The space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium is lubricated with what?

A

Small amounts of serous fluid

54
Q

The Visceral Pericardium is also called

A

Epicardium

55
Q

The chordae tendeneae

A) attach the semilunar valves directly to the heart wall
B) prevent the atrioventricular valve cusps from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular systole
C) open the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole
D) attach the heart to the pericardium

56
Q

What is the purpose of the heart valves?

A

To prevent blood from flowing backward through the heart

57
Q

The right ventricle of the heart acts as a pump for which circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation

58
Q

Which of the following is not associated with atrioventricular valves?

A) chordae tendineae
B) cusps
C) papillary muscles
D) arteries

59
Q

A point where two arteries connect and combine their blood flow is called a(n)?

A

anastomosis

60
Q

Which chamber of the heart has to work the hardest (pump against the highest pressure)?

A

Left Ventricle

61
Q

Which statement is correct concening pulmonary circulation?

A) Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary arteries.
B) Oxygen poor blood leaves the heart and goes to the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
C) Oxygen poor blood returns from the body to the heart through the vena cavae.
D) Oxygen rich blood leaves the heart and goes to the body through the vena cavae.

62
Q

Blood leaving the left ventricle goes through which of the following valves?

A) biscuspid
B) tricuspid
C) aortic semilunar
D) pulmonary semilunar

63
Q

Blood from the pulmonary veins enters which heart chamber?

A

Left atrium

64
Q

When the right atrium contracts, it pushes blood into the

A

Right ventricle

Ch 4, 16, 18, 21(part 1 & 2), 27 (6 decks)

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