Chapter 4: Human Health Flashcards
What is a disease?
An abnormal condition of body or mind that causes discomfort , difficulty to function or stress to an individual.
How are infectious disease caused?
It is caused by infection of pathogen directly through mediums and vectors
How are non-infectious diseases caused?
It is caused by genetic factor or lifestyle.
Give some examples of infectious disease.
TB, Zika, Dengue, Leptospirosis, Flu , Malaria, Ringworm, Tinea
Give some examples of non-infectious disease.
Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension , Asthma
What is a pathogen and in what form they could appear?
A pathogen is an organism that causes diseases, they can be a bacteria, virus, fungi , protozoa and worm
What are the 2 types of transmission of Airborne diseases?
- Dust transmission
- Droplet transmission
How can airborne diseases be prevented?
- cover mouth and nose while sneezing, coughing or yawning
- don’t spit everywhere
- Avoid being in crowded place
- Ensure the living place gets enough light as ultraviolet rays can kill certain microorganisms in the air
How does waterborne diseases transmit?
Infection through water usually happens in areas with inadequate water supply and poor sanitation.
Examples of waterborne disease?
- Cholera
- Typhoid
- Amoebic dysentery
How to prevent waterborne diseases?
- Add chlorine into swimming pools and water supply systems
- Build toilet with good sanitation
- Boil drinking water properly
- Wash hands with soap after using the toilet
State 2 diseases transmitted through contact
- Tinea
- Ringworm
What pathogen does a fly transmit?
Salmonella typhi
What can a rat bring? (pathogen)
Leptospira sp.
State the symptoms of typhoid.
fever, intestinal bleeding and red rashes
State the symptoms of Dengue
joint pain, fever, headache and watery eyes
State the primary stage of preventing the disease.
• Improving health
➟ Improving personal and family hygiene, cleanliness of living places and sanitation systems
• Strengthening the body’s defence system
➟ Getting vaccines and immunisation for babies, children, pregnant women, food premises operators, hajj pilgrims and travellers.
• Frequent health check-ups
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
➟ Inhaling clean air
➟ Eating a balanced diet
State the secondary stage of preventing the disease
• Determining transmission of infections through active and passive case detection
➟ Giving early treatment to patients
➟ Separating patients from others
State the tertiary stage of preventing the disease.
• Controlling vector populations
➟ Destroying vector breeding and hiding places
➟ Fogging to kill vectors
➟ Enforcing laws by issuing compounds to the owner of dirty food premises
• Protecting hosts
➟ Using mosquito nets or mosquito coils
➟ Wearing thick clothes
Through what systems could pathogens enter?
- respiratory system
- digestive system
- excretory system
- skin.
Which lines of defence are non-specific body defence mechanisms?
First and second line.
What is the first and second line’s defence “weapon”?
Skin, mucous membrane and white blood cell
How do white blood cells defence the pathogen?
White blood cells engulf and digest the pathogens using enzymes through phagocytosis
What is an antibody?
The antibody is a protein produced by white blood cells into the bloodstream in response to antigens.
What is an antigen?
An antigen is a foreign substance that comes from outside the body and induces the production of antibodies.
What is Immunisation?
Immunisation is an effort to stimulate the body defence against infections in by injecting vaccines.
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine contains antigens obtained from a part or the whole structure of a weakened or dead virus or bacterium.
What is antiserum?
Antiserum is a clear liquid in the blood that contains antibodies to prevent diseases.
State if passive natural, passive artificial, active natural and active artificial is temporary or lasts long, fast or slow.
Passive natural: temporary and short-lived
Passive artificial: temporary and fast
Active natural: lasts long but needs 2 times
Active artificial: lasts long
State how passive natural, passive artificial, active natural and active artificial is being obtained.
Passive natural: when a baby receives antibodies from breast milk or from the mother’s blood that flows across the placenta. Only survives a few weeks after the baby is born.
Passive artificial: when an antiserum is injected into the patient’s body.
Active natural: when a person recovers from an infection
Active artificial: when a vaccine that contains a dead or weakened pathogen is injected into the body, and the immune system responds by producing antibodies.
State causes of weakened immunity.
Exposure to polluted air
Exposure to pesticides
Stress
Excessive intake of sugar
