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SBI3U > Chapter 4: Genetic Processes > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Genetic Processes Flashcards

1
Q

genetics

A

the study of hereditary and variation of living organisms and how genetic information in passed on from one generation to the next

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2
Q

somatic cells

A

a plant of animal cell that forms the body of the organism, excludes reproductive cells

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3
Q

chromosome

A

a structure in the nucleus that contains DNA

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4
Q

sister chromatid

A

one of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and are held together at the centromere

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5
Q

spindle fibre

A

a microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell

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6
Q

centrosome

A

a structure that helps form the spindle fibres

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7
Q

genome

A

the complete DNA sequence of an organism

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8
Q

homologous chromosome

A

a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome

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9
Q

gene

A

a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence

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10
Q

allele

A

a different form of the same gene

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11
Q

karyotype

A

a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

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12
Q

sex chromosome

A

an X or Y chromosome that determines the genetic sex of an organism

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13
Q

autosome

A

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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14
Q

asexual reproduction

A

requires only one parent, produces genetically identical offspring

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15
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring

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16
Q

gamete

A

a male of female reproductive cell

17
Q

zygote

A

a cell formed by the fusion of two gametes

18
Q

fertilization

A

the joining of male and female gametes

19
Q

haploid

A

a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

20
Q

diploid

A

a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes

21
Q

meiosis

A

the cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

22
Q

synapsis

A

the aligning of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I in meiosis

23
Q

soermatogenesis

A

the process of producing male gametes in mammals

24
Q

oogenesis

A

the process of producing female gametes in mammals

25
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes

26
Q

non-disjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosome pairs of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis

27
Q

monosomy

A

loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction

28
Q

trisomy

A

gain of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction

29
Q

selective breeding

A

the process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits

30
Q

artificial insemination

A

the process in which sperm is collected and concentrated before being introduced in the female reproductive system

31
Q

embryo transfer

A

the process in which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient females’ uterus

32
Q

in vitro fertilisation

A

the process used to fertilize egg cells outside the female’s body

33
Q

cloning

A

a process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms

34
Q

gene cloning

A

the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA

35
Q

recombinant DNA

A

a molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources

36
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

the process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with a nucleus of a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells

37
Q

reproductive cloning

A

the process of producing genetically identical organisms

38
Q

stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types in the body

SBI3U (15 decks)

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