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BIO 220 Reversed Cards > Chapter 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

This structure is optional, Viscous (thick), and gelatinous, found externally to the cell wall of a prokaryote, making the bacterium appear bigger to avoid phagocytosis and easily attach to host tissues because of its sticky nature, can either be made up of carbs, or proteins.

A

Prokaryote - Glycocalyx

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2
Q

This structure is made of carbohydrates, is thick, organized, and attached to the cell way.

A

Prokaryote - Glycocalyx Capsule

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3
Q

What is the structure that is thin, unorganized, and loosely attached to the cell wall composed of?

A

Prokaryote - Glycocalyx Slime
(made of protein)

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4
Q

What structure is found externally on the prokaryotic cell, which can be found in some bacilli and spirilla, is optional, is a long filamentous appendage, and is composed of three parts (Filament, Hook, and basal body).

A

Prokaryote - Flagella/Flagellum

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5
Q

What structure’s function is to move the bacterium to find nutrient sources and escape phagocytosis, and can be used as an “H” antigen (surface marker) to distinguish between different strains of bacteria (Ex: E. coli 0157:H7)?

A

Prokaryote - Flagella/Flagellum

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6
Q

What structure is optional, anchored at one end, located internally to the cell, in between the outer membrane of the cell wall and cell membrane, and is typically found in spirochetes?

A

Prokaryote - Axial filaments/endo flagella

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7
Q

What structure is composed of proteins and functions in the rotation that allows the cell to move in a corkscrew/spiral motion?

A

Prokaryote - Axial filaments/endo flagella

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8
Q

Which structures are located externally to the cell, have an appearance of hair-like appendages, are composed of proteins, and function in attachment?

A

Prokaryote - Fimbriae

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9
Q

What structure is located externally to the cell, composed of proteins, and allows for “twitching” motility and DNA transfer?

A

Prokaryote - Pili/Pilus

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10
Q

What structure transfers DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell, which makes the recipient cell different?

A

Prokaryote - Pili/ Pilus (more specifically Conjugation Pilus)

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11
Q

What structure is the most outermost layer (if now glycocalyx is present), is found in most bacteria, contains varying amounts of peptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis, gives structure to bacteria, and protects cell membrane?

A

Prokaryote - Cell Wall

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12
Q

What type of bacteria consists of more peptidoglycan (thick layer), has teichoic acids, has no outer membrane, and is sensitive to Penicillin?

A

Prokaryote - Gram-Positive Bacteria

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13
Q

What type of bacteria consists of less peptidoglycan (thin layer), has no teichoic acid, has an outer membrane with LPS, and is resistant to Penicillin?

A

Prokaryotes - Gram-Negative Bacteria

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14
Q

What structure is deep to the cell wall, and contains peripheral (surface) protein, an integral and transmembrane protein that penetrates the cell membrane?

A

Prokaryote - Plasma (Cell) Membrane

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15
Q

What structure is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, and functions in transport/selective permeability that allows passage of some molecules, but not others?

A

Prokaryote - Plasma (Cell) Membrane

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16
Q

What structure is a site of ATP synthesis and photosynthesis (produce O2)?

A

Prokaryote - Plasma (Cell) Membrane

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17
Q

What structure is enclosed by the plasma membrane, has no organelles present except for ribosomes, and is composed of 80% water plus proteins, ions, carbs, and lipids?

A

Prokaryote - Cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the name of the structure that is located inside the cell and functions in protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells?

A

70 S Ribosome

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19
Q

What is the name of the structure that is located inside the cell, a “Nucleus-like” region, is not encased by a nuclear membrane, and contains bacterial chromosomes.

A

Prokaryote - Nucleoid

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20
Q

What structure is located inside the cell and carries non-crucial genes that play a role in adaptability and survival, such as genes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production?

A

Prokaryote - Plasmid

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20
Q

What is the name of the structure that is located inside the cell, is small and circular extra genetic material, whose information can be sent to another cell?

A

Prokaryote - Plasmid

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21
Q

Information from which structure can be sent to another cell via the conjugation pili.

A

Prokaryote - Plasmid

22
Q

What structure is located inside the cell and stores reserve material in the cytoplasm?

A

Prokaryote - Inclusion Bodies (Reserve deposits)

23
Q

What inclusion bodies are phosphate reserves?

A

Inclusion Bodies - Metachromatic Granules

24
Q

What inclusion bodies are enzyme reserves involved in photosynthesis?

A

Inclusion Bodies - Carboxysomes

25
Q

What inclusion bodies are energy reserves of glycogen and starch/

A

Inclusion Bodies - Polysaccharide Granules

26
Q

What inclusion bodies are energy reserves for fat?

A

Inclusion Bodies - Lipid Inclusions

27
Q

What structure is formed inside the cell, are specialized resting forms of cells, and are seen in Genus Bacillus and Genus Clostridium, and are resistant to chemicals, desiccation (drying), heat, and radiation?

A

Prokaryote - Endospore

28
Q

This structure is produced when nutrients get depleted, contains (bacterial cells) genetic material, and returns to an active cell when conditions are favorable (high nutrients).

A

Prokaryote - Endospore

29
Q

What is the name of the structure that is found in plants, algae, and fungi and is composed of cellulose and chitin and functions in structure and cell protection?

A

Eukaryote - Cell Wall

30
Q

What is the name of the structure that has sterols bound to it, and has carbs for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition?

A

Eukaryote - Cell Membrane

31
Q

This structure is capable of endocytosis: phagocytosis (engulfment of particles) and pinocytosis (engulfment of fluids/dissolved substances)

A

Eukaryote - Cell Membrane

32
Q

What is the name of the structure that functions in protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotes - 80 S Ribosomes

33
Q

What is the name of the structure that contains the cells’ DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope?

A

Eukaryote - Nucelus

34
Q

There are two versions of this structure which are folded transport networks.

A

Eukaryotes - Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough and Smooth ER)

35
Q

What is the name of the structure that is a folded transport network, has ribosomes attached to it, and is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Eukaryote - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

36
Q

What is the name of the structure that is a folded transport network, has NO ribosomes attached to it, and is the site of the cell membrane, fat, and hormone synthesis?

A

Eukaryote - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

37
Q

What structure is a vesicle (formed by the Golgi Complex) and contains digestive enzymes?

A

Eukaryote - Lysosomes

38
Q

What structure are cavities in cells formed by the Golgi Complex, which brings food into cells and provides storage?

A

Eukaryote - Vacuoles

39
Q

What structure has a double membrane, contains inner folds (cristae), and fluid (matrix), and is involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)?

A

Eukaryote - Mitochondria

40
Q

What structure is found in plant cells, is the location of photosynthesis, and contains flattened membranes containing chlorophyll (green) pigment?

A

Eukaryote - Chloroplast

41
Q

What structure forms miotic spindles and plays a critical role in cell division?

A

Eukaryote - Centrosome

42
Q

This bacterium has a waxy lipid (mycolic acid “bound” to peptidoglycan), needs an acid-fast stain instead of a Gram Stain, and is the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis.

A

Genus Mycobacterium

43
Q

This bacterium lacks cell walls.

A

Genus Mycoplasma

44
Q

This is a major component of the outer membrane of the Gram-Negative cell wall and is composed of Lipid A, Core polysaccharide, and O polysaccharide.

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

45
Q

Bacterial cells are measured in ___________.

A

microns/micrometers

46
Q

_______ are short, thick, and loosely coiled cells that move via flagella.

A

spirilla/spirillum

47
Q

_______ are long, thin, and tightly coiled cells that move via endoflagella.

A

spirochetes

48
Q

_____________ are examples of inclusion bodies/reserve deposits and contain phosphate reserves.

A

metachromatic granules

49
Q

_____________ are examples of inclusion bodies/reserve deposits and contain energy reserves of glycogen and starch (carbs).

A

polysaccharide granules

50
Q

_____________ are examples of inclusion bodies/reserve deposits and contain energy reserves for fats.

A

lipid inclusions

51
Q

_____________ are examples of inclusion bodies/reserve deposits and contain enzyme reserves involved in photosynthesis

A

carboxysomes

52
Q

__________ is involved in endospore formation and is a resting cell state.

A

sporulation

53
Q

__________ is when the endospore returns to active cells state.

A

germination

BIO 220 Reversed Cards (6 decks)

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