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Leaving Cert Home Economics > Chapter 4: Food Commodities (Cereals) > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Food Commodities (Cereals) Flashcards

1
Q

What are cereals?

A

-edible grains of cultivated grasses

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2
Q

What are edible grains of cultivated grasses?

A

-cereals

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3
Q

What part of cultivated grasses is the cereal?

A

-the edible grain

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4
Q

The edible grain of what plant is a cereal?

A

-cultivated grasses

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5
Q

What are a staple food in many countries as they are easy to grow, economical and nutritious?

A

-cereals

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6
Q

Why are cereals a staple food in many countries?

A

-as they are easy to grow, economical and nutritious

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7
Q

Why are cereals said to as they are easy to grow, economical and nutritious?

A

-a staple food in many countries

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8
Q

What two operations are cereals processed through for ease of use?

A

-through mechanical or chemical operations

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9
Q

Why are cereals processed through mechanical or chemical operations?

A

-for ease of use

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10
Q

What is done to cereals for ease of use?

A

-they are processed through mechanical or chemical operations

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11
Q

What is an example of a cereal which is processed for ease of use?

A

-wheat is ground into flour for bread and pasta

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12
Q

Wheat being ground into flour for bread and pasta is an example of what?

A

-processing of cereals for ease of use

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13
Q

What provides the majority of carbohydrate intake in the diet?

A

-cereal products

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14
Q

What do cereal products provide?

A

-the majority of carbohydrate intake in the diet

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15
Q

How many types of cereals are there?

A

-six

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16
Q

What are the six types of cereals?

6

A
  • wheat
  • rye
  • oats
  • barley
  • maize
  • rice
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17
Q

How many parts is the wheat grain composed of?

A

-three main parts

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18
Q

What grain is composed of three main parts?

A

-the wheat grain

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19
Q

What are the three main parts of a wheat grain?

3

A
  • bran
  • endosperm
  • germ
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20
Q

The bran, endosperm and germ are the three main parts of what?

A

-wheat grains

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21
Q

What is the bran, endosperm and germ of a wheat grain surrounded by?

A

-an outer edible husk with a tuft of hair on one end known as a beard

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22
Q

What does the outer edible husk with a tuft of hair on one end known as a beard of a wheat grain surround ?

A

-the bran, endosperm and germ

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23
Q

What is the beard of a wheat grain?

A

-the tuft of hair on one end of the outer edible husk

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24
Q

What is the tuft on one end of the outer edible husk of a wheat grain called?

A

-a beard

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25
Q

What percentage of the wheat grain is the bran?

A

-13%

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26
Q

What main part of the wheat grain makes up 13% of it?

A

-the bran

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27
Q

What percentage of the wheat grain is the endosperm?

A

-85%

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28
Q

What part of the wheat grain makes up 85% of it?

A

-the endosperm

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29
Q

What percentage of the wheat grain is the germ?

A

-2%

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30
Q

What part of the wheat grain makes up 2% of it?

A

-the germ

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31
Q

What does the bran have a tough outer layer made of?

A

-cellulose

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32
Q

What main part of the wheat grain has a tough outer layer made of cellulose?

A

-the bran

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33
Q

What does the bran have that is made of cellulose?

A

-a tough outer layer

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34
Q

What part of the bran is indigestible in the human body?

A

-the tough outer layer made of cellulose

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35
Q

What cannot be done to the bran’s tough outer layer made of cellulose.

A

-it cannot be digested by the body

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36
Q

What vitamins does the bran of a wheat grain contain?

A

-B-group vitamins

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37
Q

What B-group vitamin does the bran of a wheat grain particularly contain?

A

-niacin (B3)

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38
Q

What is vitamin B3 also called?

A

-niacin

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39
Q

What is niacin also called?

A

-vitamin B3

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40
Q

In what main part of the wheat grain is niacin found?

A

-the bran

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41
Q

What minerals are found in the bran of a wheat grain?

A
  • calcium
  • non-haem iron
  • phosphorus
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42
Q

In what part of the wheat grain is calcium, non-haem iron and phosphorus found?

A

-the bran

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43
Q

What is the main part of the wheat grain?

A

-the endosperm

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44
Q

What is the endosperm mainly made of?

A

-starch

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45
Q

What part of the wheat grain is mainly made of starch?

A

-the endosperm

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46
Q

What is the starchy endosperm used to make?

A

-flour

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47
Q

What part of the wheat grain is used to make flour?

A

-the endosperm

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48
Q

What vitamins does the endosperm of a wheat grain contain?

A

-B-group vitamins

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49
Q

What part of the wheat grain only contains B-group vitamins?

A

-the endosperm

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50
Q

What protein does the endosperm contain?

A

-gluten

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51
Q

What is gluten?

A

-a protein

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52
Q

What part of the wheat grain is gluten found in?

A

-the endosperm

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53
Q

What is the outer layer of the endosperm called?

A

-the aleurone layer

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54
Q

What is the aleurone layer of a wheat grain?

A

-the outer layer of the endosperm

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55
Q

What is the aleurone layer the outer layer of?

A

-the endosperm

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56
Q

What part of the endosperm is the aleurone layer?

A

-the outer layer

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57
Q

What nutrient does the aleurone layer of a wheat grain contain?

A

-low biological value protein

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58
Q

What part of the endosperm contains low biological value protein?

A

-the aleurone layer

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59
Q

What type of protein does the aleurone layer contain?

A

-low biological value protein

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60
Q

Where is the germ of a wheat grain located?

A

-the base of the cereal grain

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61
Q

What is located at the base of the cereal grain?

A

-the germ

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62
Q

What is the germ rich in?

A

-LBV protein

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63
Q

What part of the wheat grain is rich in LBV protein?

A

-the germ

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64
Q

What vitamins does the germ of a wheat grain contain?

A

-B-group vitamins and Vitamin E

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65
Q

What part of the wheat grain contains both B-group vitamins and vitamin E?

A

-the germ

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66
Q

What B-group does the germ of a wheat grain contain particularly?

A

-thiamine (B1)

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67
Q

What part of the wheat grain contains thiamine B3?

A

-the germ

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68
Q

What is thiamine also called?

A

-vitamin B1

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69
Q

What is vitamin B1 also called?

A

-thiamine

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70
Q

What nutrient does the germ contain?

A

-non-haem iron

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71
Q

What part of the wheat grain only contains one mineral, non-haem iron?

A

-the germ

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72
Q

What part of the wheat grain contains polyunsaturated fat and some essential fatty acids?

A

-the germ

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73
Q

What type of fat does the germ contain?

A

-polyunsaturated fat and some essential fatty acids

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74
Q

What is an example of the essential fatty acids found in the germ of wheat grains?

A

-linoleic

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75
Q

Linoleic is an example of what found in the germ of wheat grains?

A

-essential fatty acids

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76
Q

What separates the germ from the endosperm?

A

-a thin layer called the scutellum

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77
Q

What is the scutellum of a wheat grain?

A

-it is a thin layer which separates the germ from the endosperm

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78
Q

What is the name given to the thin layer which separates the germ from the endosperm in a wheat grain?

A

-scutellum

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79
Q

What are the two most common types of wheat grown?

A

-winter wheat and spring wheat

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80
Q

What is the main type of wheat grown?

A

-winter wheat

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81
Q

What is winter wheat used to produce?

A

-low gluten content flour

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82
Q

What type of wheat is used to produce flour with a low gluten content?

A

-winter wheat

83
Q

How much gluten is present in the flour made using winter wheat?

A

-less than 10%

84
Q

What wheat is used to make flour with a gluten content of less than 10%?

A

-winter wheat

85
Q

When is winter wheat sown?

A

-autumn

86
Q

What wheat is sown in Autumn?

A

-winter wheat

87
Q

When is winter wheat harvested?

A

-late summer

88
Q

What wheat is harvested in late summer?

A

-winter wheat

89
Q

What type of wheat is slow growing?

A

winter wheat

90
Q

How does winter wheat grow?

A

-slowly

91
Q

In what climate is winter wheat grown?

A

-temperate climates (mild winters e.g. Ireland)

92
Q

What type of wheat is grown in temperate climates?

A

-winter wheat

93
Q

What type of flour is spring wheat used to produce?

A

-flour with a high gluten content

94
Q

What type of wheat is used to make flour with a high gluten content?

A

-spring wheat

95
Q

What percentage of gluten is found in flour made using spring wheat?

A

-12 to 14%

96
Q

What type of wheat is used to produce flour with a gluten content of between 12 and 14%?

A

-spring wheat

97
Q

What is the flour made using spring wheat ideal for?

A

-bread making

98
Q

What type of wheat is used to make the flour which is ideal for bread making?

A

-spring wheat

99
Q

How does spring wheat grow?

A

-fast

100
Q

What type of wheat grows fast?

A

-spring wheat

101
Q

What type of climate is spring wheat grown in?

A

-climates with cold winters and hot summers e.g North America

102
Q

What type of wheat is grown in climates with cold winters and hot summers?

A

-spring wheat

103
Q

When is spring wheat sown?

A

-march

104
Q

What type of wheat is sown in March?

A

-spring wheat

105
Q

When is spring wheat harvested?

A

-September

106
Q

What type of wheat is harvested in September?

A

-spring wheat

107
Q

What type of wheat should be grown in Ireland?

A

-winter wheat

108
Q

What country should winter wheat be grown in?

A

-Ireland

109
Q

What type of wheat should be grown in North America?

A

-spring wheat

110
Q

What country should spring wheat be grown in?

A

-North America

111
Q

What percentage of protein is found in wheat?

A

-12%

112
Q

Wheat is made up of 12% of what nutrient?

A

-protein

113
Q

What percentage of fat is found in wheat?

A

-2.5%

114
Q

Wheat is made up of 2.5% of what nutrient?

A

-fat

115
Q

What percentage of carbohydrate is found in wheat?

A

-71%

116
Q

Wheat is made up of 71% of what nutrient?

A

-carbohydrates

117
Q

What vitamins are present in wheat?

4

A
  • thiamine (B1)
  • riboflavin (B2)
  • niacin (B3)
  • vitamin E
118
Q

What minerals are present in wheat?

3

A
  • calcium
  • iron
  • phosphorus
119
Q

What percentage of water is found in wheat?

A

-12%

120
Q

Wheat is made up of 12% of what nutrient?

A

-water

121
Q

What type of protein is wheat a source of?

A

-Low biological value protein

122
Q

What is the main protein found in wheat and rye?

A

-gluten

123
Q

Gluten is the main protein found in what cereals?

A

-wheat and rye

124
Q

What is gluten?

A

-a protein

125
Q

What essential amino acids are lacking in cereal grains?

3

A
  • lysine
  • threonine
  • tryptophan
126
Q

Lysine, threonine and tryptophan are lacking in cereal grains, what are they?

A

-essential amino acids

127
Q

What should cereals be eaten with to ensure a full complement of essential amino acids?

A

-other LBV foods

128
Q

Why should cereals be eaten with other LBV foods?

A

-to ensure a full complement of essential amino acids

129
Q

What should be done to cereals to ensure a full complement of essential amino acids?

A

-they should be eaten with other LBV foods

130
Q

What part of the cereal grain is a source of polyunsaturated fat?

A

-the germ

131
Q

What nutrient is the germ of a cereal grain a source of?

A

-polyunsaturated fat

132
Q

What does the polyunsaturated fat found in the germ of a cereal grain contain?

A

-essential fatty acids e.g. linoleic acid and oleic acid

133
Q

Where are linoleic and oleic acid found in a cereal?

A

-they are present in the polyunsaturated fat of the germ

134
Q

Where are the essential fatty acids found in a cereal?

A

-in the polyunsaturated fat of the germ

135
Q

What nutrient are cereals an excellent source of?

A

-carbohydrates

136
Q

What percentage of starch do cereals contain?

A

-64%

137
Q

Cereals contain 64% of what carbohydrate?

A

-starch

138
Q

What part of a cereal grain contains dietary fibre?

A

-the outer husk

139
Q

The outer husk of a cereal grain contains what carbohydrate?

A

-dietary fibre

140
Q

What carbohydrate is removed during the refining process?

A

-dietary fibre

141
Q

What happens to dietary fibre during the refining process?

A

-it is removed

142
Q

During what process is the dietary fibre of a cereal grain removed?

A

-the refining process

143
Q

What vitamin do cereals lack?

A

-vitamin E

144
Q

What vitamins do cereals contain?

A
  • B-group vitamins

- vitamin E

145
Q

What type of B-group vitamins do cereals contain?

3

A
  • thiamine (B1)
  • riboflavin (B2)
  • niacin (B3)
146
Q

What minerals are cereals a source of?

3

A
  • calcium
  • iron
  • calcium
147
Q

How much water do cereals contain?

A

-their water content varies slightly between different grains, but it is generally low

148
Q

Cereals are an excellent source of what carbohydrate?

A

-starch

149
Q

What makes cereals an important energy food for all groups, especially children, active teenagers and pregnant women?

A

-they are an excellent source of starch

150
Q

Starch makes an important energy food for who?

A

-all groups, especially children, active teenagers and pregnant women

151
Q

Why should carbohydrates only be consumed in the correct amounts?

A

-as excess starch is converted to fat

152
Q

To prevent excess starch being converted to fat, what amounts of carbohydrates should be consumed?

A

-they should only be consumed in the correct amounts

153
Q

What carbohydrate does the outer husk of cereals provide?

A

-dietary fibre

154
Q

What part of the cereal grain provides an excellent source of dietary fibre?

A

-the outer husk

155
Q

Cereals are an excellent source of dietary fibre, what is fibres role in the body?

A

-it aids digestion and reduces the risk of bowel disorders

156
Q

What carbohydrate found in the outer husks of cereals aids digestion and reduces the risk of bowel disorders?

A

-dietary fibre

157
Q

What does dietary fibre aid in the body?

A

-digestion

158
Q

What carbohydrate aids digestion?

A

-dietary fibre

159
Q

What does dietary fibre reduce the risk of?

A

-bowel disorders

160
Q

What carbohydrate reduces the risk of bowel disorders?

A

-dietary fibre

161
Q

What do cereals contain which makes them beneficial in low-cholesterol diets?

A

-polyunsaturated fat

162
Q

Who should eat cereals as they are a source of polyunsaturated fat?

A

-those on low-cholesterol diets

163
Q

Why should those on low-cholesterol diets eat cereals as they are a source of polyunsaturated fat?

A

-as polyunsaturated fat helps increase the production of high-density lipoproteins that help lower cholesterol levels

164
Q

What does polyunsaturated fat help to increase?

A

-the production of high density lipoproteins

165
Q

What increases the production of high density lipoproteins?

A

-polyunsaturated fat

166
Q

What do high density lipoproteins help to lower?

A

-cholesterol levels

167
Q

What helps to lower cholesterol levels that is produced by polyunsaturated fats?

A

-high density lipoproteins

168
Q

What type of protein are cereals a valuable source of?

A

-low biological value protein

169
Q

What does LBV protein assist with in the body?

A

-growth and repair of body cells

170
Q

What found in cereals assist the growth and repair of body cells?

A

-LBV protein

171
Q

Why are cereals a valuable food in the diets of vegetarians and vegans?

A

-as they are a source of LBV protein

172
Q

Cereals are a source of LBV protein, who should include cereals in their diet for this?

A

-vegetarians and vegans

173
Q

What type of food are cereals which makes them suited to many different culinary uses?

A

-versatile

174
Q

Cereals are a versatile food, what does this mean?

A

-they are suited to many different culinary uses

175
Q

What are some examples of culinary uses of cereals?

3

A
  • baking
  • sauces
  • desserts
176
Q

What makes cereals an economic food?

A

-they are inexpensive

177
Q

Cereals are inexpensive, what type of food does this make them?

A

-an economical food

178
Q

What found in cereals can inhibit the absorption of calcium and iron?

A

-phytic acid

179
Q

What does the phytic acid found in cereals do?

A

-it inhibits the absorption of calcium and iron

180
Q

How does phytic acid inhibit the absorption of calcium and iron?

A

-it has the ability to bind to these nutrients in the digestive tract which inhibits absorption

181
Q

Who can not digest gluten?

A

-Coeliacs

182
Q

What can coeliacs not digest?

A

-gluten

183
Q

What can coeliacs not do to gluten?

A

-digest it

184
Q

What cereals must a coeliac avoid?

3

A
  • wheat
  • barley
  • rye
185
Q

Who should you buy cereal products from?

A

-a retailer that has a strict food hygiene and safety policy

186
Q

Why should you buy cereal products from a retailer that has a strict food hygiene and safety policy?

A

-to ensure any cereal products being sold are safe and fit for consumption

187
Q

What should you check for when buying cereal products?

A

-the best before date

188
Q

What may happen to cereal products after they have passes their best before date?

A

-cereal products such as wholemeal flour may go rancid

189
Q

When may cereal products such as wholemeal flour go rancid?

A

-when they have passed their best before date

190
Q

When buying cereal products what should you ensure the packaging is?

A

-properly sealed

191
Q

When buying cereal products what should you ensure is properly sealed?

A

-the packaging

192
Q

Why should you ensure packaging is properly sealed when buying cereal products?

A

-as damaged or incorrectly sealed packaging will cause cereal products to go stale more quickly

193
Q

What will cause cereal products to go stale more quickly?

A

-damaged or incorrectly sealed packaging

194
Q

Where should cereal products be stored?

A

-in a cool, dry, well ventilated space

195
Q

Once opened, how should cereal products be stored?

A

-in an airtight container to prevent staling

196
Q

Why should cereal products be stored in an airtight container once opened?

A

-to prevent staling

197
Q

Once opened, how do you prevent cereal products staling?

A

-by storing them in an airtight container

198
Q

What should cereal products be labelled with once opened?

A

-the name of the cereal product and best before date

199
Q

How long should cereal products be kept in storage?

A

-you should minimise the amount of time they are in storage

200
Q

Why should you minimise the amount of time cereal products are in storage?

A

-as over time they lose their quality

201
Q

What happens to cereal products over time during storage?

A

-they lose their quality

202
Q

When do cereal products lose their quality?

A

-they lose it over time in storage

203
Q

Why should you use cereal products within the best before date?

A

-to ensure maximum quality and freshness

204
Q

How do you ensure maximum quality and freshness of cereal products?

A

-by using them within their best before dates

Leaving Cert Home Economics (9 decks)

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