Chapter 4: Food Commodities (Cereals) Flashcards
What are cereals?
-edible grains of cultivated grasses
What are edible grains of cultivated grasses?
-cereals
What part of cultivated grasses is the cereal?
-the edible grain
The edible grain of what plant is a cereal?
-cultivated grasses
What are a staple food in many countries as they are easy to grow, economical and nutritious?
-cereals
Why are cereals a staple food in many countries?
-as they are easy to grow, economical and nutritious
Why are cereals said to as they are easy to grow, economical and nutritious?
-a staple food in many countries
What two operations are cereals processed through for ease of use?
-through mechanical or chemical operations
Why are cereals processed through mechanical or chemical operations?
-for ease of use
What is done to cereals for ease of use?
-they are processed through mechanical or chemical operations
What is an example of a cereal which is processed for ease of use?
-wheat is ground into flour for bread and pasta
Wheat being ground into flour for bread and pasta is an example of what?
-processing of cereals for ease of use
What provides the majority of carbohydrate intake in the diet?
-cereal products
What do cereal products provide?
-the majority of carbohydrate intake in the diet
How many types of cereals are there?
-six
What are the six types of cereals?
6
- wheat
- rye
- oats
- barley
- maize
- rice
How many parts is the wheat grain composed of?
-three main parts
What grain is composed of three main parts?
-the wheat grain
What are the three main parts of a wheat grain?
3
- bran
- endosperm
- germ
The bran, endosperm and germ are the three main parts of what?
-wheat grains
What is the bran, endosperm and germ of a wheat grain surrounded by?
-an outer edible husk with a tuft of hair on one end known as a beard
What does the outer edible husk with a tuft of hair on one end known as a beard of a wheat grain surround ?
-the bran, endosperm and germ
What is the beard of a wheat grain?
-the tuft of hair on one end of the outer edible husk
What is the tuft on one end of the outer edible husk of a wheat grain called?
-a beard
What percentage of the wheat grain is the bran?
-13%
What main part of the wheat grain makes up 13% of it?
-the bran
What percentage of the wheat grain is the endosperm?
-85%
What part of the wheat grain makes up 85% of it?
-the endosperm
What percentage of the wheat grain is the germ?
-2%
What part of the wheat grain makes up 2% of it?
-the germ
What does the bran have a tough outer layer made of?
-cellulose
What main part of the wheat grain has a tough outer layer made of cellulose?
-the bran
What does the bran have that is made of cellulose?
-a tough outer layer
What part of the bran is indigestible in the human body?
-the tough outer layer made of cellulose
What cannot be done to the bran’s tough outer layer made of cellulose.
-it cannot be digested by the body
What vitamins does the bran of a wheat grain contain?
-B-group vitamins
What B-group vitamin does the bran of a wheat grain particularly contain?
-niacin (B3)
What is vitamin B3 also called?
-niacin
What is niacin also called?
-vitamin B3
In what main part of the wheat grain is niacin found?
-the bran
What minerals are found in the bran of a wheat grain?
- calcium
- non-haem iron
- phosphorus
In what part of the wheat grain is calcium, non-haem iron and phosphorus found?
-the bran
What is the main part of the wheat grain?
-the endosperm
What is the endosperm mainly made of?
-starch
What part of the wheat grain is mainly made of starch?
-the endosperm
What is the starchy endosperm used to make?
-flour
What part of the wheat grain is used to make flour?
-the endosperm
What vitamins does the endosperm of a wheat grain contain?
-B-group vitamins
What part of the wheat grain only contains B-group vitamins?
-the endosperm
What protein does the endosperm contain?
-gluten
What is gluten?
-a protein
What part of the wheat grain is gluten found in?
-the endosperm
What is the outer layer of the endosperm called?
-the aleurone layer
What is the aleurone layer of a wheat grain?
-the outer layer of the endosperm
What is the aleurone layer the outer layer of?
-the endosperm
What part of the endosperm is the aleurone layer?
-the outer layer
What nutrient does the aleurone layer of a wheat grain contain?
-low biological value protein
What part of the endosperm contains low biological value protein?
-the aleurone layer
What type of protein does the aleurone layer contain?
-low biological value protein
Where is the germ of a wheat grain located?
-the base of the cereal grain
What is located at the base of the cereal grain?
-the germ
What is the germ rich in?
-LBV protein
What part of the wheat grain is rich in LBV protein?
-the germ
What vitamins does the germ of a wheat grain contain?
-B-group vitamins and Vitamin E
What part of the wheat grain contains both B-group vitamins and vitamin E?
-the germ
What B-group does the germ of a wheat grain contain particularly?
-thiamine (B1)
What part of the wheat grain contains thiamine B3?
-the germ
What is thiamine also called?
-vitamin B1
What is vitamin B1 also called?
-thiamine
What nutrient does the germ contain?
-non-haem iron
What part of the wheat grain only contains one mineral, non-haem iron?
-the germ
What part of the wheat grain contains polyunsaturated fat and some essential fatty acids?
-the germ
What type of fat does the germ contain?
-polyunsaturated fat and some essential fatty acids
What is an example of the essential fatty acids found in the germ of wheat grains?
-linoleic
Linoleic is an example of what found in the germ of wheat grains?
-essential fatty acids
What separates the germ from the endosperm?
-a thin layer called the scutellum
What is the scutellum of a wheat grain?
-it is a thin layer which separates the germ from the endosperm
What is the name given to the thin layer which separates the germ from the endosperm in a wheat grain?
-scutellum
What are the two most common types of wheat grown?
-winter wheat and spring wheat
What is the main type of wheat grown?
-winter wheat
What is winter wheat used to produce?
-low gluten content flour
What type of wheat is used to produce flour with a low gluten content?
-winter wheat
How much gluten is present in the flour made using winter wheat?
-less than 10%
What wheat is used to make flour with a gluten content of less than 10%?
-winter wheat
When is winter wheat sown?
-autumn
What wheat is sown in Autumn?
-winter wheat
When is winter wheat harvested?
-late summer
What wheat is harvested in late summer?
-winter wheat
What type of wheat is slow growing?
winter wheat
How does winter wheat grow?
-slowly
In what climate is winter wheat grown?
-temperate climates (mild winters e.g. Ireland)
What type of wheat is grown in temperate climates?
-winter wheat
What type of flour is spring wheat used to produce?
-flour with a high gluten content
What type of wheat is used to make flour with a high gluten content?
-spring wheat
What percentage of gluten is found in flour made using spring wheat?
-12 to 14%
What type of wheat is used to produce flour with a gluten content of between 12 and 14%?
-spring wheat
What is the flour made using spring wheat ideal for?
-bread making
What type of wheat is used to make the flour which is ideal for bread making?
-spring wheat
How does spring wheat grow?
-fast
What type of wheat grows fast?
-spring wheat
What type of climate is spring wheat grown in?
-climates with cold winters and hot summers e.g North America
What type of wheat is grown in climates with cold winters and hot summers?
-spring wheat
When is spring wheat sown?
-march
What type of wheat is sown in March?
-spring wheat
When is spring wheat harvested?
-September
What type of wheat is harvested in September?
-spring wheat
What type of wheat should be grown in Ireland?
-winter wheat
What country should winter wheat be grown in?
-Ireland
What type of wheat should be grown in North America?
-spring wheat
What country should spring wheat be grown in?
-North America
What percentage of protein is found in wheat?
-12%
Wheat is made up of 12% of what nutrient?
-protein
What percentage of fat is found in wheat?
-2.5%
Wheat is made up of 2.5% of what nutrient?
-fat
What percentage of carbohydrate is found in wheat?
-71%
Wheat is made up of 71% of what nutrient?
-carbohydrates
What vitamins are present in wheat?
4
- thiamine (B1)
- riboflavin (B2)
- niacin (B3)
- vitamin E
What minerals are present in wheat?
3
- calcium
- iron
- phosphorus
What percentage of water is found in wheat?
-12%
Wheat is made up of 12% of what nutrient?
-water
What type of protein is wheat a source of?
-Low biological value protein
What is the main protein found in wheat and rye?
-gluten
Gluten is the main protein found in what cereals?
-wheat and rye
What is gluten?
-a protein
What essential amino acids are lacking in cereal grains?
3
- lysine
- threonine
- tryptophan
Lysine, threonine and tryptophan are lacking in cereal grains, what are they?
-essential amino acids
What should cereals be eaten with to ensure a full complement of essential amino acids?
-other LBV foods
Why should cereals be eaten with other LBV foods?
-to ensure a full complement of essential amino acids
What should be done to cereals to ensure a full complement of essential amino acids?
-they should be eaten with other LBV foods
What part of the cereal grain is a source of polyunsaturated fat?
-the germ
What nutrient is the germ of a cereal grain a source of?
-polyunsaturated fat
What does the polyunsaturated fat found in the germ of a cereal grain contain?
-essential fatty acids e.g. linoleic acid and oleic acid
Where are linoleic and oleic acid found in a cereal?
-they are present in the polyunsaturated fat of the germ
Where are the essential fatty acids found in a cereal?
-in the polyunsaturated fat of the germ
What nutrient are cereals an excellent source of?
-carbohydrates
What percentage of starch do cereals contain?
-64%
Cereals contain 64% of what carbohydrate?
-starch
What part of a cereal grain contains dietary fibre?
-the outer husk
The outer husk of a cereal grain contains what carbohydrate?
-dietary fibre
What carbohydrate is removed during the refining process?
-dietary fibre
What happens to dietary fibre during the refining process?
-it is removed
During what process is the dietary fibre of a cereal grain removed?
-the refining process
What vitamin do cereals lack?
-vitamin E
What vitamins do cereals contain?
- B-group vitamins
- vitamin E
What type of B-group vitamins do cereals contain?
3
- thiamine (B1)
- riboflavin (B2)
- niacin (B3)
What minerals are cereals a source of?
3
- calcium
- iron
- calcium
How much water do cereals contain?
-their water content varies slightly between different grains, but it is generally low
Cereals are an excellent source of what carbohydrate?
-starch
What makes cereals an important energy food for all groups, especially children, active teenagers and pregnant women?
-they are an excellent source of starch
Starch makes an important energy food for who?
-all groups, especially children, active teenagers and pregnant women
Why should carbohydrates only be consumed in the correct amounts?
-as excess starch is converted to fat
To prevent excess starch being converted to fat, what amounts of carbohydrates should be consumed?
-they should only be consumed in the correct amounts
What carbohydrate does the outer husk of cereals provide?
-dietary fibre
What part of the cereal grain provides an excellent source of dietary fibre?
-the outer husk
Cereals are an excellent source of dietary fibre, what is fibres role in the body?
-it aids digestion and reduces the risk of bowel disorders
What carbohydrate found in the outer husks of cereals aids digestion and reduces the risk of bowel disorders?
-dietary fibre
What does dietary fibre aid in the body?
-digestion
What carbohydrate aids digestion?
-dietary fibre
What does dietary fibre reduce the risk of?
-bowel disorders
What carbohydrate reduces the risk of bowel disorders?
-dietary fibre
What do cereals contain which makes them beneficial in low-cholesterol diets?
-polyunsaturated fat
Who should eat cereals as they are a source of polyunsaturated fat?
-those on low-cholesterol diets
Why should those on low-cholesterol diets eat cereals as they are a source of polyunsaturated fat?
-as polyunsaturated fat helps increase the production of high-density lipoproteins that help lower cholesterol levels
What does polyunsaturated fat help to increase?
-the production of high density lipoproteins
What increases the production of high density lipoproteins?
-polyunsaturated fat
What do high density lipoproteins help to lower?
-cholesterol levels
What helps to lower cholesterol levels that is produced by polyunsaturated fats?
-high density lipoproteins
What type of protein are cereals a valuable source of?
-low biological value protein
What does LBV protein assist with in the body?
-growth and repair of body cells
What found in cereals assist the growth and repair of body cells?
-LBV protein
Why are cereals a valuable food in the diets of vegetarians and vegans?
-as they are a source of LBV protein
Cereals are a source of LBV protein, who should include cereals in their diet for this?
-vegetarians and vegans
What type of food are cereals which makes them suited to many different culinary uses?
-versatile
Cereals are a versatile food, what does this mean?
-they are suited to many different culinary uses
What are some examples of culinary uses of cereals?
3
- baking
- sauces
- desserts
What makes cereals an economic food?
-they are inexpensive
Cereals are inexpensive, what type of food does this make them?
-an economical food
What found in cereals can inhibit the absorption of calcium and iron?
-phytic acid
What does the phytic acid found in cereals do?
-it inhibits the absorption of calcium and iron
How does phytic acid inhibit the absorption of calcium and iron?
-it has the ability to bind to these nutrients in the digestive tract which inhibits absorption
Who can not digest gluten?
-Coeliacs
What can coeliacs not digest?
-gluten
What can coeliacs not do to gluten?
-digest it
What cereals must a coeliac avoid?
3
- wheat
- barley
- rye
Who should you buy cereal products from?
-a retailer that has a strict food hygiene and safety policy
Why should you buy cereal products from a retailer that has a strict food hygiene and safety policy?
-to ensure any cereal products being sold are safe and fit for consumption
What should you check for when buying cereal products?
-the best before date
What may happen to cereal products after they have passes their best before date?
-cereal products such as wholemeal flour may go rancid
When may cereal products such as wholemeal flour go rancid?
-when they have passed their best before date
When buying cereal products what should you ensure the packaging is?
-properly sealed
When buying cereal products what should you ensure is properly sealed?
-the packaging
Why should you ensure packaging is properly sealed when buying cereal products?
-as damaged or incorrectly sealed packaging will cause cereal products to go stale more quickly
What will cause cereal products to go stale more quickly?
-damaged or incorrectly sealed packaging
Where should cereal products be stored?
-in a cool, dry, well ventilated space
Once opened, how should cereal products be stored?
-in an airtight container to prevent staling
Why should cereal products be stored in an airtight container once opened?
-to prevent staling
Once opened, how do you prevent cereal products staling?
-by storing them in an airtight container
What should cereal products be labelled with once opened?
-the name of the cereal product and best before date
How long should cereal products be kept in storage?
-you should minimise the amount of time they are in storage
Why should you minimise the amount of time cereal products are in storage?
-as over time they lose their quality
What happens to cereal products over time during storage?
-they lose their quality
When do cereal products lose their quality?
-they lose it over time in storage
Why should you use cereal products within the best before date?
-to ensure maximum quality and freshness
How do you ensure maximum quality and freshness of cereal products?
-by using them within their best before dates
