Chapter 4: Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Flashcards
Last Common Ancestor
the cell from which eukaryotes and prokaryotes both came from; was neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic
How to distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes (4):
(1) True nucleus wrapped in membrane; (2) membrane-bound organelles; (3) structurally complex; (4) generally larger
Eukaryotes include these types of cells:
animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists
Eukaryotes use these to move around.
Flagella and cilia (less common)
Glycocalyx
outermost layer of cell composed of polysaccharides
Function of Glycocalyx
protection; adherence; reception of signals from other cells
These eukaryotes do not have cell walls.
Protozoa and helminths
Characteristics of fungi cell walls
rigid; chemically different from prokaryotes; polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose; thin outer layer of mixed glycans (wtf)
The cytoplasmic membrane
bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable;
Fluid Mosaic Model
describes the eukaryotic cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid in which phospholipid and protein molecules diffuse easily
Filaments that from the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Cytoplasm
plays role in both cell shape and cell movement; cytoplasmic membrane houses organelles
Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies
granules of organic or inorganic materials that are stockpiled by the cell for future use
Nuclear Envelope
separates nucleus from cytoplasm; double membrane separated by narrow space
Nuclear pores
penetrate nuclear envelope; allow materials in and out of nucleus
Nucleolus
site of RNA synthesis; collection area for ribosomal subunits
Chromatin
genetic material of cell; made of DNA and proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A series of microscopic tunnels used in transport and storage
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
allows transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell’s exterior; ribosomes attached to RER
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
nutrient processing; no ribosomes
Eukaryotic Ribosome Subunit
80S (combo of 40S and and 60S)
Location of ribosomes
Rough ER, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts
Golgi Bodies
site of protein modification, packaging, and secretion of materials, helps to form membranes
Lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles found in most eukaryotes, involved in intracellular digestion
Peroxisomes
small membrane enclosed organelles filled with enzymes
Vacuoles
membrane enclosed transport system
Describe the assembly line in synthesizing proteins (4)
(1) protein needed identified by DNA; (2) DNA forms RNA with specific sequence; (3) RER synthesizes; (4) Golgi bodies form vesicles with protein and transport throughout cell
Mitocondria
generate energy with ATP via electron transport chain
Cristae
tubular inner folds of mitocondria; hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration; extracts chemical energy contained in nutrient molecules and stores it as ATP
Why are mitochondria unique organelles? (3)
(1) divide independently; (2) circular strands of DNA; (3) prokaryotic-sized 70S ribosomes
Chloroplasts
converts sunlight into energy; O2 is biproduct
Mycology
study of fungi (good times)
Characteristics of Yeast (4)
(1) round to oval shape; (2) asexual; (3) budding; (4) unicellular
Hyphae
fine, colourless threads that make up fungi
Mycelium
tangled web of hyphae
Septa
perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells
Fungi vs Plant Cell Walls
chitin vs cellulose
Pseudohyphae
chain of yeast cells
Penicillium are septate or aseptate?
Septate
Plasmogamy
the fusion of hyphae
Fungi reproduce by…
the fusion of male and female hyphae (haploid nuclei)
Fungi reproduce by…
the fusion of male and female hyphae (haploid nuclei)
Sporangiospore
- responsible for asexual reproduction
- formed by successive cleavages within a sac-like head called a
- sporangium, which is attached to the stalk,
- the sporangiophore
Conidiospores
free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac
Mycoses
(fungal infections) vary in the way the pathogen enters the body and the degree of tissue involvement
Common fungal diseases (3)
- Candidiasis
- Dermatomycoses
- Respiratory Fungal Infections
Candidiasis
- Candida albicans
- yeast or pseudohyphae
- opportunistic infections
- vulvovaginitis
- oral candidiasis (thrush)
- intestinal candidiasis
Dermatomycoses
any fungul infection of the skin or the hair
Aspergillosis
- several species of Aspergillus
- immunodeficiency
- invasive to blood and lungs
- causes actue pneumonia
- mortality rate is high
Aspergillus flavus
produces a potentially lethal poison to animals who eat contaminated grain
Mycorhizza
- beneficial fungi
- increases plants ability to absorb nutrients and water
