Chapter 4: Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Last Common Ancestor

A

the cell from which eukaryotes and prokaryotes both came from; was neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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2
Q

How to distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes (4):

A

(1) True nucleus wrapped in membrane; (2) membrane-bound organelles; (3) structurally complex; (4) generally larger

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3
Q

Eukaryotes include these types of cells:

A

animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists

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4
Q

Eukaryotes use these to move around.

A

Flagella and cilia (less common)

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5
Q

Glycocalyx

A

outermost layer of cell composed of polysaccharides

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6
Q

Function of Glycocalyx

A

protection; adherence; reception of signals from other cells

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7
Q

These eukaryotes do not have cell walls.

A

Protozoa and helminths

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8
Q

Characteristics of fungi cell walls

A

rigid; chemically different from prokaryotes; polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose; thin outer layer of mixed glycans (wtf)

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9
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane

A

bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable;

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10
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

describes the eukaryotic cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid in which phospholipid and protein molecules diffuse easily

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11
Q

Filaments that from the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

plays role in both cell shape and cell movement; cytoplasmic membrane houses organelles

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13
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies

A

granules of organic or inorganic materials that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

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14
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

separates nucleus from cytoplasm; double membrane separated by narrow space

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15
Q

Nuclear pores

A

penetrate nuclear envelope; allow materials in and out of nucleus

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of RNA synthesis; collection area for ribosomal subunits

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17
Q

Chromatin

A

genetic material of cell; made of DNA and proteins

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A series of microscopic tunnels used in transport and storage

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19
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

allows transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell’s exterior; ribosomes attached to RER

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20
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

nutrient processing; no ribosomes

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21
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosome Subunit

A

80S (combo of 40S and and 60S)

22
Q

Location of ribosomes

A

Rough ER, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

23
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

site of protein modification, packaging, and secretion of materials, helps to form membranes

24
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles found in most eukaryotes, involved in intracellular digestion

25
Q

Peroxisomes

A

small membrane enclosed organelles filled with enzymes

26
Q

Vacuoles

A

membrane enclosed transport system

27
Q

Describe the assembly line in synthesizing proteins (4)

A

(1) protein needed identified by DNA; (2) DNA forms RNA with specific sequence; (3) RER synthesizes; (4) Golgi bodies form vesicles with protein and transport throughout cell

28
Q

Mitocondria

A

generate energy with ATP via electron transport chain

29
Q

Cristae

A

tubular inner folds of mitocondria; hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration; extracts chemical energy contained in nutrient molecules and stores it as ATP

30
Q

Why are mitochondria unique organelles? (3)

A

(1) divide independently; (2) circular strands of DNA; (3) prokaryotic-sized 70S ribosomes

31
Q

Chloroplasts

A

converts sunlight into energy; O2 is biproduct

32
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi (good times)

33
Q

Characteristics of Yeast (4)

A

(1) round to oval shape; (2) asexual; (3) budding; (4) unicellular

34
Q

Hyphae

A

fine, colourless threads that make up fungi

35
Q

Mycelium

A

tangled web of hyphae

36
Q

Septa

A

perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells

37
Q

Fungi vs Plant Cell Walls

A

chitin vs cellulose

38
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

chain of yeast cells

39
Q

Penicillium are septate or aseptate?

A

Septate

40
Q

Plasmogamy

A

the fusion of hyphae

41
Q

Fungi reproduce by…

A

the fusion of male and female hyphae (haploid nuclei)

42
Q

Fungi reproduce by…

A

the fusion of male and female hyphae (haploid nuclei)

43
Q

Sporangiospore

A
  • responsible for asexual reproduction
  • formed by successive cleavages within a sac-like head called a
  • sporangium, which is attached to the stalk,
  • the sporangiophore
44
Q

Conidiospores

A

free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

45
Q

Mycoses

A

(fungal infections) vary in the way the pathogen enters the body and the degree of tissue involvement

46
Q

Common fungal diseases (3)

A
  1. Candidiasis
  2. Dermatomycoses
  3. Respiratory Fungal Infections
47
Q

Candidiasis

A
  • Candida albicans
  • yeast or pseudohyphae
  • opportunistic infections
    • vulvovaginitis
    • oral candidiasis (thrush)
    • intestinal candidiasis
48
Q

Dermatomycoses

A

any fungul infection of the skin or the hair

49
Q

Aspergillosis

A
  • several species of Aspergillus
  • immunodeficiency
  • invasive to blood and lungs
    • causes actue pneumonia
    • mortality rate is high
50
Q

Aspergillus flavus

A

produces a potentially lethal poison to animals who eat contaminated grain

51
Q

Mycorhizza

A
  • beneficial fungi
  • increases plants ability to absorb nutrients and water